Saddleback Journal of Biology - Saddleback College

Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper
Significance of the Co-Localization of Taste Buds
and Teeth in the Pharyngeal Jaws of the Largemouth
Bass, Micropterus salmoides. Biological Bulletin,
195(3), 273-281.
Ludsin, S. A., & DeVries, D. R..(1997). First-Year
Recruitment of Largemouth Bass: The
Interdependency of Early Life Stages. Ecological
Applications, 7(3), 1024-1038.
Moeller, G. H., & Engelken, J. H..(1972). What
Fishermen Look for in a Fishing Experience. The
Journal of Wildlife Management, 36(4), 1253-1257.
Ogawa, K., Caprio, J., (1999). Citrate Ions Enhance
Taste Response to Amino Acids in Largemouth Bass.
The Journal of Neurophysiology, 81(4).
Pawson, M.G., Pickett, G.D., Leballeur, J., Brown,
M., & Fritsch, M.. (2007). Migrations, fishery
interactions, and management units of sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax) in Northwest Europe. ICES
Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Rutherford, E. S., Rose, K. A., Cowan Jr., K. H..
(2003) Evaluation of the Shepherd and Cushing
(1980) model of density-dependent survival: a case
study using striped bass (Morone saxatilis) larvae in
the Potomac River, Maryland, USA. ICES Journal of
Marine Science: Journal du Conseil.
Vital Lung Capacity of Smokers and Non-Smokers
Kasra Sadjadi and Cassra Minai
Department of Biological Science
Saddleback College
Mission Viejo, CA 92629
Cigarette smoking decreases the amount of oxygen intake per breath. In order to
compensate for this lack of oxygen, the subject’s respiratory rate increases. This
experiment examines the respiratory rate of cigarette smokers and non-smokers prior to
resting and after cardiovascular exercise on a stationary bicycle. Because of the effects
smoking causes on one’s lungs, investigator hypothesized that non-smokers had a greater
vital capacity than smokers. During the resting and the exercising protocol, the subject will
inhale and exhale as much as physically possible while their vital lung capacities are
measured. The mean vital lung capacity of the smokers was 3.285 L, and the mean vital
lung capacity of the non-smokers was 1.844 L. A significant difference was observed
between the vital lung capacities of the smokers compared to the non-smokers (unpaired,
one-tailed t-test, p=0.003).
Introduction
Oxygen intake is extremely important to the
survival of vital organs. A smoker will increase the
amount of respirations they take per minute because
they are unable to transfer the needed amount of
oxygen compared to a person with healthy lungs and
adequate respirations. Studies show that occasional
smokers have a greater lung capacity, also known as
a forced vital capacity (FVC), than nonsmokers
(Holmen et al., 2002). Cigarette smoking produces an
inflammatory response in the airways of smokers or
those exposed to cigarette smoking, but only 15-20%
of smokers will develop airways obstruction (Hogg et
al., 1994). The inflammatory response of smoking
makes it more difficult for the individual to intake
adequate amount of oxygen; therefore, their
respiration rate will increase in response to the
inflammation of their airway to compensate for their
decreased oxygen levels.
51
Saddleback Journal of Biology
Spring 2010