Idaho National Laboratory Cultural Resource Management Plan

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elsewhere, the Board rejected commercial requests for irradiations in the ETR. 119 Nevertheless, ETR customers included research and educational institutions, and the civilian power industry. Advance Test Reactor. Even before the ETR went critical for the first time, the AEC had been requesting studies for an “advanced” general purpose test reactor, one that would supply the AEC's needs long into the future. 120 In addition, high demand from the Naval Reactors Program continued to press the capacity of the MTR and ETR test reactors. A new reactor, while planned for multiple purposes, would specifically meet the long-term needs of the Naval Reactors program, with many of its test loops reserved for Navy work. 121 Phillips prepared the conceptual design, combining its MTR and ETR operating experience with ideas from physicists at laboratories all over the country. One of the “advanced” features of the ATR was its ability to test several samples in the reactor at the same time, but exposing each one to different absolute flux levels. And flux levels were intense. The MTR designers had been reluctant to place test materials within the reactor core, but the ETR had a fuel grid that permitted just that. The ATR went further. With its “serpentine” or clover-leaf arrangement of fuel, a test material could receive a level of exposure in a few weeks, instead of years of equivalent exposure in the ETR. To accommodate varying power levels in its seven test loops, the ATR required an extremely sophisticated control system. A built-in computer—an innovation at TRA—reported continuously on reactor conditions. 122 The AEC announced in October 1960 that Ebasco Services would be the architect/engineer, with Babcock & Wilcox preparing the nuclear core of the reactor. The reactor would operate at 250 megawatts, nearly 1.5 times the power level of the ETR—and the highest operating power level of any test reactor in the world. In addition to the special Navy program loops, it would have a gas test loop, a pressurized water test loop, and sodium-cooled test loops for fast and thermal reactors. Although it considered other sites for the project, the AEC chose the NRTS for practical reasons: the Navy program already was established there; having the three test reactors operated as a single complex would be efficient and economical; Phillips was a highly competent operator; and the NRTS was the least limiting AEC site with respect to safety. 123 Siting and Building the ATR—With Idaho Governor Robert Smylie attending the ground-breaking ceremony on November 6, 1961, the ATR became the largest single construction project ever undertaken in the State of Idaho, eclipsing the earlier record-holder, Mountain Home Air Force Base. 124 The Fluor Corporation built the project, situating the ATR building about 200 yards northwest of the MTR. A cooling tower, critical facility, metallurgical research facility, labs, and other structures supported the new reactor. 125 The ATR complex opened up a new TRA quadrangle northwest of the MTR-ETR area. The site plan repeated earlier patterns of compact placement of support buildings around the reactor, although the large reactor building, with a first-floor area of 27,000 square feet, enclosed several functions: the reactor and 119. Doan, p. 32. See also 1965 Thumbnail Sketch, p. 13. 120. See J. R. Huffman, W. P. Connor, G. H. Hanson, “Advanced Testing Reactors,” (Idaho Falls: Phillips Petroleum Company Report No. IDO-16353, May 28, 1956.) 121. D. R. deBoisblank, “The Advanced Test Reactor—ATR Final Conceptual Design,” (Idaho Falls: Phillips Petroleum Company Report No. IDO-16667, 1961), p. 11-12. 122. Advanced Test Reactor, pamphlet, undated (Idaho Falls: Idaho Nuclear Corporation), p. 3. 123. Letter to Clinton P. Anderson, chairman JCAE from office of the General Manager, AEC. No date, 1960. Idaho Historical Society, U.S. Senator Henry Dworshak Papers, MS 84, Box 112, File “AEC-Miscellaneous.” 124. “Idaho Rites Start Record Atom Job,” newsclip with no date, Post-Register, p. 1, 12. Found in Idaho Historical Society, Senator Henry Dworshak Papers, MS 84, Box 124, File “AEC—Idaho Plant (1961).” 125. AEC announcement, October 25, 1960; Idaho Historical Society, Senator Henry Dworshak Papers, MS 84, Box 112, File “AEC Miscellaneous.” See also 1965 Thumbnail Sketch, p. 15-17. 228
working area, the Advanced Test Reactor Critical Facility (to determine in advance the nuclear experiments to be programmed), decontamination room, office area, experimental labs, health physics labs, tool rooms, and heating/ventilating equipment. A common canal served for the critical facility reactor, for fuel element storage, for conducting irradiations, and for transferring fuel from one work area to another without using transport casks. 126 Other buildings in the complex included a shielded process-water building immediately north of the reactor building with an enclosed driveway connecting it to the reactor building. This building contained the piping and controls for a heat exchanger, transferring heat from the primary to secondary coolant. A utility building containing diesel generators and demineralized water equipment was located east of the process-water building. Laboratories and engineering space were housed in a one-story building east of the reactor. After years of delay caused by the failure of heat exchangers, valves, emergency pumps, and instrumentation cables, Fluor completed the reactor in 1967. It began operating at zero power on July 2, 1967. On August 16, 1969, it operated at full power for the first time. Nuclear experiments began on Christmas Day. By this time, Phillips no longer was the TRA contractor; Idaho Nuclear Corporation had assumed control in 1966. 127 The ATR has continued routine operation since then. ATR Work—The ATR routine was similar to that of the MTR and ETR. At the end of seventeen days operating at full power, about 15% of the U-235 in the core was consumed. The reactor shut down for refueling, to change experiments, and make other modifications. To conserve time during the shut-down interval, the crews of engineers, welders, electricians, and health physicists operated around the clock in three shifts. 128 Compared to the long line of customers clamoring for the MTR and ETR in their early years, the clients of the ATR shrank to a small group. The major user was the Navy, which had grown its Nautilus submarine into a huge nuclear fleet consisting of submarines and surface ships in many classes and sizes. ATR analysis of Navy fuel led to continuous improvements in extending the operational life of a ship's fuel. The civilian power programs and the national space program also were looking to advance the science of fuel systems and materials. They, too, made use of ATR test loops. 129 MTR Retires in 1970—Reluctantly. In 1968, the AEC announced it would shut down the MTR in 1970. In response, other interests tried to develop commercial possibilities, hoping to keep the venerable MTR operating. The State of Idaho had formed an Idaho Nuclear Energy Commission in 1967 to promote nuclear applications in agriculture, mining, lumbering, and other fields. In 1969 a Western Interstate Nuclear Compact formed to promote nuclear commerce and trade in all the western states. These two groups tried to continue the life of the MTR as a “Western Beam Research Reactor.” The problem was funding. The Associated Western Universities proposed that the AEC finance some fifty research projects at the MTR, but the AEC was unwilling or unable to fund the proposal. The National Science Foundation considered the MTR as a possible “National Neutron Center of Interdisciplinary Studies,” but concluded in 1972 that high-flux neutron beam capability would be cheaper at its Brookhaven, New York, or Oak Ridge laboratories than at the MTR. 130 Efforts to find a private buyer or renter for the MTR also failed. For a brief period in 1970, all three test reactors at TRA operated at the same time. The last MTR experiment was called the Phoenix, in which the reactor was loaded with plutonium fuel. The test verified 126. The ATR Critical Facility went critical for the first time on May 19, 1964. 127. “Advanced Test Reactor Now Running at Full Power,” Nuclear News (October 1969), p. 17. 128. 1965 Thumbnail Sketch, p. 15. 129. 1965 Thumbnail Sketch, p. 15. 130. “Annual Report of the Idaho Nuclear Energy Commission, Report No. 6, 1972,” (Boise: INEC, 1973), p. 14-15. 229
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DOE/ID-10997 Revision 4 Idaho Natio
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................
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Appendix J—INL Cultural Resource
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ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOL
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Co. company COM communication CP-1
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FFA/CO FONSI FPR FRAN FS&R Federal
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kV L LAK LAN LCCDA LCRE LDRD LESAT
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NuPac Nuclear Pacific (manufacture
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SM Stationary Medium Power reactor
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W west WAG waste area group WCF Was
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GLOSSARY The terms defined in this
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compliance. Adherence to specific p
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historic context. An organizing str
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multi-component. A descriptive term
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econnaissance survey. A field surve
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural
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elevant federal regulations, DOE-ID
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programs nationwide. As such, all I
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organization, agency, museum, or ot
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Figure 3. Regional setting of Idaho
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extruded from low-shield volcanoes,
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The relatively permanent water sour
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Gradually, as a result of this pale
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fauna, including now-extinct forms
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Figure 11. Elko corner-notched dart
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The absence of a restrictive sociop
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Figure 13. Big Lost River during se
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In the 1890s another way station or
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History: 1942 to Present In 1942, t
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south of MTR at ATRC. At the time o
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The Loss of Fluid Test (LOFT) progr
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Figure 24. Aerial view of MFC. Othe
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Responsibility for Resource Managem
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and sacred American Indian sites sc
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to the broad patterns of our histor
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available information of value. The
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times, including during an annual m
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INL CRM Office staff have also deve
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Figure 27. National Historic Preser
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encountered during any activity. Ac
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2. No Adverse Effect. Cultural reso
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egular commentary on INL CRM Office
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Bonnichsen, B. and R. M. Breckenrid
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Executive Order 13287, 2003, “Pre
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Kurten, B. and E. Anderson, 1972,
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Pierce, K. L. and W. E. Scott, 1982
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Stacy, S., 2005a, Historic American
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Appendix A Legal Basis for Cultural
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“Federal Records Act of 1950,”
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* “National Environmental Policy
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“Preserve America,” 2003 (EO 13
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DIRECTIVES Cul
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Figure 28. INL Environmental Policy
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Figure 30. Bechtel BWXT Environment
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*LWP-8000, “Environmental Instruc
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Appendix B American Indian Interest
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3. Consultation. DOE and the Tribes
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Between the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes
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BACKGROUND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERG
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III. THE DEPARTMENT WILL ESTABLISH
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Attachment 2 Agreement-in-Principle
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Attachment 3 Communications Protoco
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Communications Protocol August 10,
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undertaking. The intent of this not
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D. Revision of Procedures These pro
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Attachment 4 Memorandum of Agreemen
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125
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Appendix C Standards and Procedures
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Appendix C Standards and Procedures
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As the INL Cultural Resource Manage
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inclusion in the INL cultural resou
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SHPO, and other involved parties. I
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esource base and enhance long-term
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of any given test excavation will d
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discussed under test excavations. A
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e eligible to the National Register
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural
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Figure 33. INL CRM Office permit ap
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Figure 35. Intermountain Antiquitie
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Figure 35. (continued.) 153
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Appendix D Strategies and Procedure
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Appendix D Strategies and Procedure
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uildings have been demolished (e.g.
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POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR MANAGIN
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In addition to internal procedures,
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Council consultation, additional ti
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Determination of eligibility 35-mm
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Appendix E Research Designs 173
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Appendix E Research Designs INTRODU
Page 211 and 212: Therefore, the addressable research
Page 213 and 214: INL Research Design Each of the pro
Page 215 and 216: within the last 600 to 1000 years i
Page 217 and 218: originate and where most processing
Page 219 and 220: Site taxonomy is based on the amoun
Page 221 and 222: of the limited number of sites exca
Page 223 and 224: Research Topic: Historic Indian Occ
Page 225 and 226: However, artifacts that often have
Page 227 and 228: Research Question—Does the dramat
Page 229 and 230: stages of stone tool manufacture ar
Page 231 and 232: Appendix F Historic Contexts 197
Page 233 and 234: Appendix F Historic Contexts INTROD
Page 235 and 236: The Pocatello Naval Ordnance Plant.
Page 237 and 238: constructed) a rocket ordnance test
Page 239 and 240: In the Residential Area, the civili
Page 241 and 242: occurrence of such episodes, how to
Page 243 and 244: 1952. These structures were — and
Page 245 and 246: scarce resource. Only uranium could
Page 247 and 248: highway could observe the steam and
Page 249 and 250: approved in 1962. To the dismay of
Page 251 and 252: supplied the NRTS as well. Argonne-
Page 253 and 254: after further testing. When a speci
Page 255 and 256: months or years of radiation exposu
Page 257 and 258: The MTR auxiliary buildings were or
Page 259 and 260: The MTR played a role in most of th
Page 261: Because the reactor would operate a
Page 265 and 266: partners in the safe operation and
Page 267 and 268: DD&D of the OMRE. The facility then
Page 269 and 270: and Drydock Company would develop t
Page 271 and 272: Initially, the Navy sent about thre
Page 273 and 274: The Army, therefore, set out to exp
Page 275 and 276: gas-driven turbo-generator. It reac
Page 277 and 278: $6-7 million; for diesel, $350,000.
Page 279 and 280: The ANP support facilities were con
Page 281 and 282: Related to the SNAP program, the AE
Page 283 and 284: The SPERT experiments took place at
Page 285 and 286: vessel and control rod drive could
Page 287 and 288: The PBF reactor achieved its first
Page 289 and 290: Sub-Theme: Commercial Reactor Safet
Page 291 and 292: uranium was not a hazard, but the I
Page 293 and 294: North of the Waste Treatment Comple
Page 295 and 296: pneumatic transport techniques. Phi
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Page 299 and 300: uildings, and craft shops. Then the
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Page 307 and 308: ICPP complex. Changes in waste mana
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Page 311 and 312: As the Cold War escalated, the numb
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e 3 × 10 11 curies, with an estima
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also became concerned about Rocky F
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Some of the cleanup involved moving
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cleanup, and remediation of nuclear
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Appendix G Programmatic Agreement 2
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289
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Appendix H Inventory of Known INL A
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Appendix H Inventory of Known INL A
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Table 5. (continued). INL Prehistor
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Table 6. INL prehistoric isolated f
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Table 7. INL historic and multi-com
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Table 7. (continued). INL Historic
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Appendix I INL Architectural Proper
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Appendix I INL Architectural Proper
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Table 8. Surveyed INL properties. B
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Table 8. (continued). Building or S
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Appendix J INL Cultural Resource Pr
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Appendix J INL Cultural Resource Pr
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Table 9. (continued). INL Cultural
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Table 9. (continued). Project Numbe
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Table 10. (continued). INL CRM Offi
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Table 10. (continued). INL CRM Offi
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Table 11. INL Cultural Resource Man
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Table 11. (continued). Project Numb
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Appendix K Goals and Tasks 453
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Appendix K Goals and Tasks INTRODUC
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Task 2. Maintain memberships in pro
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Appendix L Idaho National Laborator
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Appendix L Idaho National Laborator
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Figure 38. Example of INL Cultural
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural Resource Management Plan

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