Idaho National Laboratory Cultural Resource Management Plan

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isk of releasing catastrophic amounts of radioactivity to the environment. The semiscale tests thus became part of the national debate over the safety of commercial nuclear power plants. 235 Each LOFT experiment required time to construct and set up. The reactor vessel was installed on the MTA on November 6, 1972; the steam generator was set in place in December. In November 1973, the MTA moved into the LOFT containment vessel. During 1975, workers conducted functional testing of the LOFT systems. Non-nuclear large-break loss-of-coolant accidents (known as the L-1 series) took place from 1976 to 1978. At last, first LOFT nuclear experiment began at the end of 1978 and continued into 1979 and 1982 as the L-2 series of nuclear large-break loss-of-coolant accidents. 236 The containment building was a new domed building. Its substantial 200-ton doors were ready to withstand the force arising from a flash to steam when coolant was withdrawn from the reactor core. To begin the first simulation in December 1978 scientists opened a valve to imitate a “large break” in the cooling pipe. It was over in thirty minutes. The scientists learned that water flowed into the reactor vessel faster than it was expelled in the crucial first seconds after the “break,” which kept the core cooler than they had expected. Before a second test could be arranged the following May, an accident at a commercial nuclear power plant at Three-Mile Island (TMI) in Pennsylvania caused a partial meltdown of the reactor core. LOFT scientists altered their work schedule and used their models (Semiscale) and computer programs to help determine how a potentially dangerous hydrogen bubble inside the TMI reactor could be dissipated. When the crisis was over, LOFT returned to its own test program, but as a result of TMI accelerated its study of “small breaks.” The TMI experience had demonstrated that these, combined with the inappropriate intervention of human operators, potentially could be as dangerous as larger coolant-flow breaks. 237 In 1982 federal financing for the LOFT experiment ran out after thirty tests. An international consortium arranged to fund several more tests, including the last one in 1985, when scientists tried to simulate the TMI accident and melt the core. The test (numbered LP-FP-2) was performed with a specially insulated center fuel module that was the subject of the test. The main core was set up as a driver core, which created the desired experimental environment in a central fuel module. The center fuel module was the only portion of the core that simulated the “small-break” loss-of-coolant accident that occurred at TMI. The driver core of LOFT did not melt, nor did it experience conditions much different than normal operating conditions. The temperature rose to 4,000F, but the core did not melt. The safety system operated to flood the core and cool it off. After the analysis of this last experiment, the LOFT program ended in 1986. 238 Significance of LOFT. The significance of the LOFT tests can hardly be overstated in the history of the nuclear power industry. A coincidence of historical timing linked the long-planned tests of reactor safety with the real-world accident at the TMI plant. The final LOFT tests validated the effectiveness of the safety systems that had been built into the TMI and other nuclear power plants. The buildings associated most importantly with LOFT are the containment building (TAN-650) and the aluminum building (originally made to protect the ANP reactors from the weather) recycled as an entry into the containment building (TAN-624). The LOFT building should be preserved in place as an exceptionally significant part of American nuclear history. 235. U.S. Department of Energy, Human Radiation Experiments: The Department of Energy Roadmap to the Story and the Records (Washington, D.C.: Assistant Secretary to Environment, Safety and Health, February 1995), p. 96. 236. LOFT Historical Brief. 237. Bob Passaro, “TAN has Colorful, Secretive Past, to be mothballed by 2000,” Post Register, May 15, 1994, p. H-12. The damaged core and tons of other contaminated waste from TMI was sent to the Site for analysis and study. 238. Stacy, Hangar HAER, p. 62. 254
Sub-Theme: Commercial Reactor Safety Experimental Dairy Farm Studying the Effects of Radioactive Fallout: 1957-1970. Not all nuclear research at the NRTS took place at reactors. With the growing frequency of the destructive types of tests done at SPERT, the Health and Safety Division of the AEC's Idaho Operations Office felt it would be wise to understand the potential health impacts of the radioactive releases that accompanied such tests. In the event of a large accidental release, the NRTS wished to be prepared with a plan of action aimed at protecting site employees and persons off-site and downwind of the release. 239 The Health and Safety division initiated a program called Controlled Environmental Radioiodine Tests (CERT). Related issues and concerns included the potential impact of radioactive releases at nuclear power plants operating at normal conditions. At the time little was known about such effects. Even less was known about the impact of accidental releases. The CERT program used radioactive I-131, one of the release products in destructive reactor tests, and gathered data on how it moved through the food chain in areas on and adjacent to the NRTS. The Health and Safety Division already had previous experience during the early 1950s monitoring radioiodine in wildlife, natural vegetation, and on nearby farms and ranches. A number of studies had been made on the local jackrabbit population. In 1958 thyroid measurements were taken from two goats pastured near the Chemical Processing Plant (discussed below) for several days. The CERT program extended these studies, collecting its data under more controlled conditions. The experiments involved releasing clouds of radioiodine over specific locations to answer certain questions. For example, the first tests examined what percentage of the radioiodine accumulated in the soil, grasses, and other vegetation and what percentage drifted off into the airshed. Then, when cows grazed on the grass, what percentage of the radioiodine was excreted and how much went into the cow's thyroid or milk. A final question involved determining what percentage of the material would end up in a human thyroid after drinking the cow's milk. 240 To gather data on the human thyroid, the experiments had to involve volunteers who would drink the milk and then be measured for the iodine. The first experiment using cows and humans was conducted in May and June of 1963. Because permanent facilities were not yet available, CERT I took place on the “open range,” an unirrigated section of land near the southern boundary of the NRTS. A temporary barn, corral, and control trailers were placed in the area on temporary foundations. Two pasture areas were established, one “hot,” or radioiodine-contaminated and one “cold,” where the cattle could be grazed prior to the experiment. Seven human volunteers drank the contaminated milk. Their thyroid activity was measured over a six-week period. 241 The Experimental Dairy Farm, located about seven miles northeast of the ICPP, was built during the summer of 1963. The site was selected for its location relative to reactors and roads, water availability— an adequate well already existed—and because the land was unused and available. The farm was intended 239. Stacy, Proving the Principle, p. 167. 240. John R. Horan, editor. Annual Report of the Health and Safety Division, Idaho Operations Office (Idaho Falls: 1958), p. 95; D. F. Bunch, editor. Controlled Environmental Radioiodine Tests, Progress Report Number Three (Idaho Falls: Health and Safety Division, Idaho Operations Office, U.S. AEC Report IDO-12063 1968), p. 2-4; Human Radiation Experiments: Department of Energy Roadmap to the Story and The Records (United States Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health Report No. DOE/EH-0445, February 1995.) 241. C.A. Hawley, et al, Controlled Environmental Radioiodine Tests, National Reactor Testing Station (Health and Safety Division, Idaho Operations Office, U.S. AEC Report IDO-12035, 1964), p. 2-10; C.A. Hawley, editor, Controlled Environmental Radioiodine Tests at the National Reactor Testing Station, 1965 Progress Report (Health and Safety Division, Idaho Operations Office, U.S. AEC Report No. IDO-12047, February 1966) p. 2. 255
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DOE/ID-10997 Revision 4 Idaho Natio
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................
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Appendix J—INL Cultural Resource
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ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOL
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Co. company COM communication CP-1
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FFA/CO FONSI FPR FRAN FS&R Federal
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kV L LAK LAN LCCDA LCRE LDRD LESAT
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NuPac Nuclear Pacific (manufacture
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SM Stationary Medium Power reactor
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W west WAG waste area group WCF Was
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GLOSSARY The terms defined in this
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compliance. Adherence to specific p
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historic context. An organizing str
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multi-component. A descriptive term
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econnaissance survey. A field surve
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural
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elevant federal regulations, DOE-ID
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programs nationwide. As such, all I
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organization, agency, museum, or ot
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Figure 3. Regional setting of Idaho
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extruded from low-shield volcanoes,
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The relatively permanent water sour
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Gradually, as a result of this pale
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fauna, including now-extinct forms
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Figure 11. Elko corner-notched dart
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The absence of a restrictive sociop
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Figure 13. Big Lost River during se
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In the 1890s another way station or
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History: 1942 to Present In 1942, t
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south of MTR at ATRC. At the time o
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The Loss of Fluid Test (LOFT) progr
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Figure 24. Aerial view of MFC. Othe
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Responsibility for Resource Managem
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and sacred American Indian sites sc
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to the broad patterns of our histor
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available information of value. The
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times, including during an annual m
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INL CRM Office staff have also deve
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Figure 27. National Historic Preser
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encountered during any activity. Ac
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2. No Adverse Effect. Cultural reso
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egular commentary on INL CRM Office
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Bonnichsen, B. and R. M. Breckenrid
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Executive Order 13287, 2003, “Pre
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Kurten, B. and E. Anderson, 1972,
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Pierce, K. L. and W. E. Scott, 1982
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Stacy, S., 2005a, Historic American
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Appendix A Legal Basis for Cultural
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“Federal Records Act of 1950,”
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* “National Environmental Policy
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“Preserve America,” 2003 (EO 13
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DIRECTIVES Cul
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Figure 28. INL Environmental Policy
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Figure 30. Bechtel BWXT Environment
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*LWP-8000, “Environmental Instruc
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Appendix B American Indian Interest
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3. Consultation. DOE and the Tribes
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Between the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes
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BACKGROUND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERG
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III. THE DEPARTMENT WILL ESTABLISH
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Attachment 2 Agreement-in-Principle
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Attachment 3 Communications Protoco
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Communications Protocol August 10,
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undertaking. The intent of this not
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D. Revision of Procedures These pro
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Attachment 4 Memorandum of Agreemen
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Appendix C Standards and Procedures
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Appendix C Standards and Procedures
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As the INL Cultural Resource Manage
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inclusion in the INL cultural resou
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SHPO, and other involved parties. I
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esource base and enhance long-term
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of any given test excavation will d
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discussed under test excavations. A
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e eligible to the National Register
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural
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Figure 33. INL CRM Office permit ap
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Figure 35. Intermountain Antiquitie
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Figure 35. (continued.) 153
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Appendix D Strategies and Procedure
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Appendix D Strategies and Procedure
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uildings have been demolished (e.g.
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POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR MANAGIN
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In addition to internal procedures,
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Council consultation, additional ti
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Determination of eligibility 35-mm
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Appendix E Research Designs 173
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Appendix E Research Designs INTRODU
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Therefore, the addressable research
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INL Research Design Each of the pro
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within the last 600 to 1000 years i
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originate and where most processing
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Site taxonomy is based on the amoun
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of the limited number of sites exca
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Research Topic: Historic Indian Occ
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However, artifacts that often have
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Research Question—Does the dramat
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stages of stone tool manufacture ar
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Appendix F Historic Contexts 197
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Appendix F Historic Contexts INTROD
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The Pocatello Naval Ordnance Plant.
Page 237 and 238: constructed) a rocket ordnance test
Page 239 and 240: In the Residential Area, the civili
Page 241 and 242: occurrence of such episodes, how to
Page 243 and 244: 1952. These structures were — and
Page 245 and 246: scarce resource. Only uranium could
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Page 249 and 250: approved in 1962. To the dismay of
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Page 253 and 254: after further testing. When a speci
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Page 257 and 258: The MTR auxiliary buildings were or
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Page 261 and 262: Because the reactor would operate a
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Page 267 and 268: DD&D of the OMRE. The facility then
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Page 277 and 278: $6-7 million; for diesel, $350,000.
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Page 281 and 282: Related to the SNAP program, the AE
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Page 307 and 308: ICPP complex. Changes in waste mana
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Page 313 and 314: e 3 × 10 11 curies, with an estima
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Page 321 and 322: Appendix G Programmatic Agreement 2
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Page 329 and 330: Appendix H Inventory of Known INL A
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Table 5. (continued). INL Prehistor
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Table 6. INL prehistoric isolated f
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Table 7. INL historic and multi-com
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Table 7. (continued). INL Historic
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Appendix I INL Architectural Proper
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Appendix I INL Architectural Proper
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Table 8. Surveyed INL properties. B
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Table 8. (continued). Building or S
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Appendix J INL Cultural Resource Pr
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Appendix J INL Cultural Resource Pr
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Table 9. (continued). INL Cultural
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Table 9. (continued). Project Numbe
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Table 10. (continued). INL CRM Offi
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Table 10. (continued). INL CRM Offi
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Table 11. INL Cultural Resource Man
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Table 11. (continued). Project Numb
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Appendix K Goals and Tasks 453
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Appendix K Goals and Tasks INTRODUC
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Task 2. Maintain memberships in pro
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Appendix L Idaho National Laborator
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Appendix L Idaho National Laborator
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Figure 38. Example of INL Cultural
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural Resource Management Plan

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