Idaho National Laboratory Cultural Resource Management Plan

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considered an effective way to handle low-level waste. Eventually the sludge lines and drain field became contaminated. 318 Following the practice at other nuclear laboratories, the NRTS set aside a “Waste Burial Ground” for the disposal of contaminated wastes. The thirteen-acre site, isolated from the reactor facilities, was recommended by the U.S. Geological Survey. It had good surface drainage and clay sediments that would resist saturation. 319 On July 28, 1952, the first burial trench was opened, and low-level waste was placed in it. This waste consisted mainly of contaminated paper, laboratory glassware, filters, and metal pipe fittings. According to one 1953 internal report, liquid waste in sealed containers was also placed in the trench. 320 Between 1952 and 1957, nine more trenches were excavated to basalt bedrock. The trenches were enclosed with a barbed wire fence; metal tags marked the general location of the trenches. Low-level, site-generated waste was picked up twice a week, placed in sealed cardboard boxes, and randomly dumped into the trenches. Earth was placed over the boxes at the end of each week. 321 High-level waste also was dumped into trenches during this time. The material was contained in wooden boxes or 30-gallon garbage cans, shielded by a cask and lead open-top box container. These were immediately covered with earth. Wastes from another AEC facility began arriving at the Burial Ground in March 1954. The Rocky Flats Fuel Fabricating Facility in Golden, Colorado, which manufactured trigger devices made of plutonium for nuclear warheads. The facility at Golden was small in size (four square miles), had a high water table, and was near a densely populated area. After studying the merits and economics of alternative sites, the AEC decided to ship the waste to the NRTS. Plutonium is a “transuranic” waste, an alpha-emitting element with a half-life greater than twenty years whose combined activity level is at least 100 nanocuries per gram of waste. 322 TRU waste can remain radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Rocky Flats shipped metal drums of TRU waste by rail to Idaho, where it was interspersed with NRTS waste in Trenches 1 through 10. 323 In using shallow land burial methods, the NRTS followed practices used by most other AEC facilities. It was the main disposal method throughout the 1950s. Other methods included underground injection, sea burial, and large pit disposal. 324 In 1957 Nucleonics magazine published a series of articles on the economics of efficient waste disposal. One of them said, “One of the potentially attractive schemes for the ultimate disposal of radioactive waste is simply to pour the waste into pits.” The pits should not be located near processing plants for geological reasons, and some transport might be required. The authors of the report considered the possible benefits of processing nuclear waste, writing, “It may be necessary or desirable to remove some fission products from the waste, particularly the long-lived activities, prior to ground disposal.” AEC scientists and engineers predicted that by the year 2000 accumulated waste would 318. Idaho Operations Office, Engineering and Construction Division report by A. L. Biladeau, “Radioactive Waste Removal in A Trickling Filter Sewage Plant,” May 1953; and EG&G Idaho report by R. D. Browning, “TAN, TRA, and CFA Sewage Treatment Plant Study” (Operational and Capital Projects Engineering, January 1989). 319. Anderson, History of the RWMC, p. 11, 21. See notes No. 1 and No. 19. Also see “History, Radioactive Waste Management Complex,” INEL Technical Site Information, 1993. 320. Anderson, History of the RWMC, p. 4, citing a report by P. T. Voegeli and Morris Deutsch, Geology, Water Supply, and Waste Disposal at Sites 11 and 11A, Burial Ground D, and Vicinity (Idaho Falls: NRTS ID)-22027, 1953). 321. Anderson, History of the RWMC. [np] See also “History, Radioactive Waste Management Complex,” INEL Technical Site Information, 1993. 322. U.S. Department of Energy, Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to Their Environmental Consequences (Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management, January 1997), p. 40. Hereafter referred to as “Linking Legacies.” 323. Anderson, History of the RWMC, p. 16-21. 324. Linking Legacies, p. 48. 278
e 3 × 10 11 curies, with an estimated “permissible” disposal cost of anywhere from $.60 to $64 per gallon. 325 Rocky Flats waste dramatically increased in 1957 due to a severe fire at the plant. Large quantities of bulky and contaminated fire debris was shipped to the NRTS. To accommodate this substantial new volume, the NRTS created a series of “pits” for disposal of this waste. Pit 1 opened on November 1, 1957. That year the AEC also produced formal disposal procedures for the NRTS. Solid waste was packaged in steel drums or large crates, stacked near the pits, and then lowered into the pits by crane. Reporting and record-keeping on solid waste disposal was improved. The AEC further expanded and refined these requirements in 1959. 326 Occasional flooding created problems at the Waste Burial Ground (later called the “Subsurface Disposal Area”). When the U.S. Geological Survey recommended the burial ground site in 1952, it had not predicted heavy cyclic floods. When the Big Lost River overflowed in 1958, site managers quickly arranged for a dam to divert water away from the burial ground. In 1962, two inches of rain fell on frozen ground, causing localized flooding. Some open trenches filled with water, allowing low-level waste barrels and boxes to float. A few boxes broke open, their contents of contaminated gloves and bottles to settle on lands near the burial grounds. These were retrieved and reburied. Diversion ditches and diking were constructed around the site, but intermittent flooding continued over the years. 327 Interim Burial Ground: 1960-1963. As the number of AEC-licensed nuclear power plants increased, so did their waste. Utility companies hired from among several firms that packaged solid waste and buried it at sea. The cheaper cost of land burial caused the AEC to re-evaluate sea burial. In January 1960, the AEC announced plans to create regional interim burial grounds for commercial wastes. Until these were established, interim sites for storing wastes would be needed. In May, the AEC chose the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and Idaho's NRTS as the interim sites. 328 Two AEC-Idaho scientists, B. L. Schmalz and W. P. Gammill, wrote to the AEC stressing that the use of the NRTS as a burial ground be only a temporary measure. They indicated that a potential risk of water table contamination did exist and that the burial ground would soon be full. They recommended that the AEC investigate sites not overlying an aquifer. Combined with concerns about the Interim Burial Ground program, officials on and off the site questioned the wisdom of long-term storage of TRU waste at the NRTS. 329 As the AEC turned its attention to the issue, it required that Oak Ridge and the NRTS coordinate consistent procedures for land burial. No liquid waste was permitted, and fissionable material was closely supervised. Two major improvements in environmental monitoring were also implemented: increased subsurface monitoring by a system of ten monitoring holes around portions of the burial ground; and film badges placed around the perimeter to monitor direct radiation levels. A special burial arrangement was made at a site outside of the official burial ground. An accident occurred at SL-1 in the ARA in January 1961, killing three men and damaging the reactor and much of the equipment in the reactor room. After a safety analysis indicated that it would be more hazardous to transport the debris to the burial ground than dispose of it closer to the site of the accident, a separate 325. H.R. Zietlin, E. D. Arnold and J. W. Ullmann [Chemical Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.], “Economics of Waste Disposal, Manual on Nuclear Reactor Facilities (New York: McGraw-Hill); and Nucleonics (1957), p. 101, 103-104. 326. Anderson, History of the RWMC, p. 22-27. Anderson refers to the manual as an “AEC-ID Manual Chapter 0500-7.” 327. Anderson, History of the RWMC, p. 33. 328. “West Coast Firm Attacks AEC Waste-Disposal Policy,” Nucleonics (July 1960), p. 30; and “Luedecke Reaffirms AEC's Land Burial Waste Policy,” Nucleonics (August 1960), p. 31. 329. Horan, Wehmann, Schmalz, p. 17-18; see also Anderson's Notes Nos. 1, 2, and 22. 279
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DOE/ID-10997 Revision 4 Idaho Natio
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................
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Appendix J—INL Cultural Resource
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ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOL
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Co. company COM communication CP-1
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FFA/CO FONSI FPR FRAN FS&R Federal
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kV L LAK LAN LCCDA LCRE LDRD LESAT
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NuPac Nuclear Pacific (manufacture
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SM Stationary Medium Power reactor
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W west WAG waste area group WCF Was
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GLOSSARY The terms defined in this
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compliance. Adherence to specific p
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historic context. An organizing str
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multi-component. A descriptive term
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econnaissance survey. A field surve
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural
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elevant federal regulations, DOE-ID
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programs nationwide. As such, all I
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organization, agency, museum, or ot
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Figure 3. Regional setting of Idaho
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extruded from low-shield volcanoes,
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The relatively permanent water sour
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Gradually, as a result of this pale
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fauna, including now-extinct forms
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Figure 11. Elko corner-notched dart
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The absence of a restrictive sociop
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Figure 13. Big Lost River during se
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In the 1890s another way station or
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History: 1942 to Present In 1942, t
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south of MTR at ATRC. At the time o
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The Loss of Fluid Test (LOFT) progr
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Figure 24. Aerial view of MFC. Othe
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Responsibility for Resource Managem
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and sacred American Indian sites sc
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to the broad patterns of our histor
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available information of value. The
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times, including during an annual m
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INL CRM Office staff have also deve
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Figure 27. National Historic Preser
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encountered during any activity. Ac
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2. No Adverse Effect. Cultural reso
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egular commentary on INL CRM Office
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Bonnichsen, B. and R. M. Breckenrid
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Executive Order 13287, 2003, “Pre
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Kurten, B. and E. Anderson, 1972,
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Pierce, K. L. and W. E. Scott, 1982
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Stacy, S., 2005a, Historic American
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Appendix A Legal Basis for Cultural
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“Federal Records Act of 1950,”
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* “National Environmental Policy
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“Preserve America,” 2003 (EO 13
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DIRECTIVES Cul
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Figure 28. INL Environmental Policy
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Figure 30. Bechtel BWXT Environment
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*LWP-8000, “Environmental Instruc
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Appendix B American Indian Interest
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3. Consultation. DOE and the Tribes
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Between the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes
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BACKGROUND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERG
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III. THE DEPARTMENT WILL ESTABLISH
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Attachment 2 Agreement-in-Principle
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Attachment 3 Communications Protoco
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Communications Protocol August 10,
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undertaking. The intent of this not
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D. Revision of Procedures These pro
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Attachment 4 Memorandum of Agreemen
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Appendix C Standards and Procedures
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Appendix C Standards and Procedures
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As the INL Cultural Resource Manage
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inclusion in the INL cultural resou
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SHPO, and other involved parties. I
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esource base and enhance long-term
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of any given test excavation will d
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discussed under test excavations. A
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e eligible to the National Register
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Idaho National Laboratory Cultural
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Figure 33. INL CRM Office permit ap
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Figure 35. Intermountain Antiquitie
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Figure 35. (continued.) 153
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Appendix D Strategies and Procedure
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Appendix D Strategies and Procedure
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uildings have been demolished (e.g.
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POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR MANAGIN
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In addition to internal procedures,
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Council consultation, additional ti
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Determination of eligibility 35-mm
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Appendix E Research Designs 173
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Appendix E Research Designs INTRODU
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Therefore, the addressable research
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INL Research Design Each of the pro
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within the last 600 to 1000 years i
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originate and where most processing
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Site taxonomy is based on the amoun
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of the limited number of sites exca
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Research Topic: Historic Indian Occ
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However, artifacts that often have
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Research Question—Does the dramat
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stages of stone tool manufacture ar
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Appendix F Historic Contexts 197
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Appendix F Historic Contexts INTROD
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The Pocatello Naval Ordnance Plant.
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constructed) a rocket ordnance test
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In the Residential Area, the civili
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occurrence of such episodes, how to
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1952. These structures were — and
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scarce resource. Only uranium could
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highway could observe the steam and
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approved in 1962. To the dismay of
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supplied the NRTS as well. Argonne-
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after further testing. When a speci
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months or years of radiation exposu
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The MTR auxiliary buildings were or
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The MTR played a role in most of th
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Page 267 and 268: DD&D of the OMRE. The facility then
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Page 281 and 282: Related to the SNAP program, the AE
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Page 289 and 290: Sub-Theme: Commercial Reactor Safet
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Page 329 and 330: Appendix H Inventory of Known INL A
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Table 5. (continued). INL Prehistor
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Table 6. INL prehistoric isolated f
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Table 7. INL historic and multi-com
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Table 7. (continued). INL Historic
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Appendix I INL Architectural Proper
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Appendix I INL Architectural Proper
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Table 8. Surveyed INL properties. B
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Table 8. (continued). Building or S
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Appendix J INL Cultural Resource Pr
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Appendix J INL Cultural Resource Pr
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Table 9. (continued). INL Cultural
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Table 9. (continued). Project Numbe
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Table 10. (continued). INL CRM Offi
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Table 10. (continued). INL CRM Offi
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Table 11. INL Cultural Resource Man
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Table 11. (continued). Project Numb
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Appendix K Goals and Tasks 453
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Appendix K Goals and Tasks INTRODUC
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Task 2. Maintain memberships in pro
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Appendix L Idaho National Laborator
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Appendix L Idaho National Laborator
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Figure 38. Example of INL Cultural
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