Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Continued: Elite-challenging activities and citizen action groups Elite-challenging activities and interest organizations Great Britain .04 .02 USA .08 ** .08 ** Northern Ireland .13 *** .07 * Postindustrial societies .13 *** .12 *** Slovenia .03 .04 Croatia .17 *** .07 * Czech Republic .04 .07 ** Hungary .12 *** .09 ** Poland .06 * .10 ** Slovakia .05 .15 *** Ex-communist Western societies .12 *** .12 *** Albania .01 .15 *** Bosnia and Herzegovina .10 ** .11 *** Bulgaria .15 *** .10 ** Romania .01 .31 *** Republic of Macedonia .14 *** .21 *** Serbia and Montenegro .03 .10 *** Ex-communist Eastern societies .10 *** .17 *** Republic of Moldova .09 ** .15 *** Russia .06 ** .08 *** Ukraine .05 .10 *** Ex-communist soviet societies .07 *** .12 *** Estonia .16 *** .12 *** Latvia .10 ** .09 ** Lithuania .04 .10 ** Ex-communist Baltic societies .10 *** .10 *** Argentina .08 ** .18 *** Chile .11 *** .17 *** Mexico .14 *** .15 *** Peru .05 .13 *** Latin American societies .09 *** .16 *** South Africa .01 .19 *** Other developing societies .01 .19 *** Uganda .06 .19 *** Philippines .10 ** .16 *** India .14 *** .27 *** Low-income societies .10 *** .24 *** Average All .11 *** .12 *** Source: World Values Survey/European Values Survey 1999-2001. Data are weighted (n = 1.000 for group averages). Data entries are Pearson’s r. Elite-challenging activities: “Have done” any of the following activities: signed a petition, joined in boycotts, attended lawful demonstrations, joining unofficial strikes, or occupying buildings or factories. Activity in interest organizations: Currently doing unpaid voluntary work for political parties, labor unions, or professional associations. Activity in citizen action groups: Currently doing unpaid voluntary work for social welfare service organizations, human rights organizations, youth work organizations, local community action groups, women’s groups, peace movement, organizations for environment, conservation, or animal rights. 104
Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depictions of the previous chapter, documenting how the two forms of civic activism have developed over a time period of 20 years compared to elite-challenging activities. Unfortunately, longitudinal data are not available for all voluntary associations included so far. For a comparison over time, activity in citizen action groups is limited to social welfare organizations, youth work groups and human rights organizations. A factor analysis confirmed that the conceptual differentiation between interest organizations and citizen action groups is still valid for the reduced measure (see Appendix A6-4). Figure 6-5 shows the rise of elite-challenging activities in established postindustrial democracies, and this increase is even more impressive when displayed against the other two forms of political activism. During the 1980ies and 1990ies participation in demonstrations, petitions or boycotts increased by 20 percent points to a level where, on average, two thirds of the populations use these forms of activity. Figure 6-5: Elite-Challenging Activities and Civic Activism in Selected Postindustrial Democracies 1981-1999 (WVS/EVS) 70 Elite-challenging activities 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1981 1990 1999 Citizen action groups Interest organizations Source: World Values Survey/European Values Survey. Data are weighted n = 1.000. Societies included: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, USA, West Germany. By contrast, people’s engagement in voluntary associations showed only minor fluctuation over time, largely staying at the same level: below 10 percent for active membership in associations for interest representation, and a little above 10 percent for 105
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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Page 65 and 66: different countries and languages.
Page 67 and 68: of law, scholars became more and mo
Page 69 and 70: Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
Page 71 and 72: The empirical analyses exclude soci
Page 73 and 74: Will you please place each of the l
Page 75 and 76: European Social Survey The European
Page 77 and 78: and actual participation has not na
Page 79 and 80: In a first step, the single items i
Page 81 and 82: Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
Page 83 and 84: increase as national income rises.
Page 85 and 86: Once again, with almost two thirds
Page 87 and 88: The societies in Europe show differ
Page 89 and 90: attack. These massive demonstration
Page 91 and 92: 5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
Page 93 and 94: societies were split into English-s
Page 95 and 96: However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
Page 97 and 98: expectancy declined (in particular
Page 99 and 100: 6. Common Patterns of Complement or
Page 101 and 102: If it was true that elite-challengi
Page 103 and 104: Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 105 and 106: This conclusion is supported by the
Page 107 and 108: Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Page 117 and 118: 7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
Page 119 and 120: enough to stimulate people into act
Page 121 and 122: The European Social Survey (ESS 200
Page 123 and 124: a member of one single organization
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Page 129 and 130: Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
Page 131 and 132: Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
Page 133 and 134: Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
Page 135 and 136: generalized horizontal trust also p
Page 137 and 138: Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
Page 139 and 140: Summarizing the results so far, eli
Page 141 and 142: Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
Page 143 and 144: Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
Page 145 and 146: 8. Individual Characteristics or Co
Page 147 and 148: activities over the past decades sh
Page 149 and 150: (2) Conventional Participation Poli
Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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