Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

Continued:
Tolerance
towards
foreigners
(Percent valid)
Tolerance of
different
lifestyles
(Percent valid)
Own choice
and control
over life
(Percent valid)
Gender
Equality
(Percent valid)
Trust in others
(Percent valid)
Southern Asia
Bangladesh -.07* (82) .18*** (81) .04 (72) .14*** (80) -.01 (81)
Turkey .14*** (97) .29*** (25) .14*** (97) .14*** (70) .02 (96)
Indonesia -.01 (87) .17*** (87) -.05 (83) -.02 (83) -.08* (77)
Philippines -.01 (98) .01 (97) .01 (98) .01 (97) .04 (97)
Vietnam .01 (81) -.01 (76) -.11* (81) .07 (77) .06 (77)
Pakistan -.04 (92) .01 (88) -.08** (69) -.02 (85) .07** (84)
India .01 (78) .05 (61) .07* (72) .08** (71) -.01 (76)
Israel .29*** (90) .19*** (92)
Source: World Values Survey 1999-2001. The coding of the variables:
(1) Tolerance towards foreigners: “On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any
that you would not like to have as neighbors?”
- People with a different race
- Immigrants/foreign workers
Respondents who have mentioned any of the two = -1. None of the groups mentioned = 0.
(2) Tolerance of different lifestyles: “Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think
it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between, using this card.”
- Homosexuality
- Divorce
Never justifiable = 1. Always justifiable = 10. The two scales were added.
(3) Gender Equality: Two items added (each coded from 1 = agree strongly to 4 = strongly disagree):
“On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do.”
“A university education is more important for a boy than for a girl.”
(4) Trust in Others: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to
be very careful in dealing with people?” Recoded: Need to be very careful = 0. Most people can be trusted
= 1.
The third and fourth column of Table 9-5 complements the analysis of the link between
elite-challenging activities and liberal orientations. Questions on gender equality are
available only in a limited number of countries and show a positive link only in relatively
modern societies (exception: Bangladesh). More important is the influence of social trust:
trust, an important resource for cooperation with others, and elite-challenging activities
are positively linked at the individual level (as demonstrated in Chapter 7).
For a final overview, Table 9-6 summarizes the most relevant factors of the three
approaches in a regression, testing which of these predictors has the strongest effect on
why people participate in elite-challenging activities. The regression analyses are
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