Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Table 9-4: Individual-Correlation: Elite-Challenging Activities and Political Involvement, WVS/EVS 1999-2001 Interest in Politics (Percent valid) Importance of Politics in Life (Percent valid) Eastern Europe Serbia .31*** (88) .24*** (87) Bulgaria .23*** (77) .17*** (75) Montenegro .40*** (70) .28*** (70) Bosnia .18*** (90) .12** (90) Romania .12*** (78) Albania .24*** (59) .16*** (58) Macedonia .15*** (89) .04 (89) Central Eastern Europe Slovenia .15*** (90) .06 (90) Croatia .02 (95) Poland .24*** (98) .19*** (97) Czech Republic .20*** (92) .12*** (92) Slovakia .17*** (88) Hungary .12*** (93) Post-soviet societies Belarus .20*** (89) .12*** (88) Kyrgyzstan .17*** (98) .08* (97) Moldova .14*** (82) .14*** (80) Ukraine .20*** (84) .15*** (81) Russia .18*** (90) .11*** (89) Baltic states Latvia .12** (87) Lithuania .25*** (71) .16*** (70) Estonia .09** (82) Western Europe East Germany .21*** (94) .10** (94) Netherlands .24*** (100) .16*** (100) Iceland .23*** (98) .12*** (98) Belgium .23*** (95) .18*** (96) Spain .27*** (84) .18*** (84) Ireland .19*** (95) .13*** (93) Italy .27*** (92) .16*** (92) Finland .23*** (91) .16*** (91) France .22*** (96) .19*** (95) Sweden .03 (99) Denmark .15*** (95) .13*** (95) Malta .20*** (97) Austria .27*** (97) .17*** (97) West Germany .25*** (92) .21*** (91) Greece .21*** (95) .16*** (95) Luxembourg .16*** (89) .09** (90) Portugal .32*** (92) .19*** (92) Anglo-Saxon societies USA .15*** (98) .10** (98) Canada .19*** (98) .11*** (98) Northern Ireland .12*** (94) .08* (93) Great Britain .20*** (96) .15*** (97) 186
Continued: Interest in Politics (Percent valid) Importance of Politics in Life (Percent valid) Central & Southern America Argentina .28*** (89) .18*** (90) Chile .26*** (92) .20*** (90) Peru .18*** (89) .07* (88) Puerto Rico .26*** (95) .07 (95) Mexico .21*** (80) .11*** (80) Venezuela .20*** (94) .04 (94) Africa Algeria .25*** (86) .14*** (84) Jordan .16*** (98) .14*** (97) Morocco .28*** (80) .24*** (80) Egypt .00 (99) .00 (97) South Africa .29*** (87) .22*** (87) Zimbabwe .12*** (88) .06 (86) Uganda .23*** (63) .16*** (62) Nigeria .20*** (89) .12*** (89) Tanzania .06 (96) .09** (84) Confucian societies Japan .21*** (80) .21*** (75) Southern Asia Bangladesh .25*** (79) .14*** (80) Turkey .26*** (72) .20*** (96) Indonesia .21*** (85) .08* (81) Philippines .12*** (98) .08** (98) Vietnam .14*** (81) .03 (80) Pakistan .30*** (91) .32*** (90) India .32*** (77) .23*** (77) Israel .11* (89) .00 (89) Source: World Values Survey 1999-2001. The coding of the variables: (1) Interest in politics: “How interested would you say are you in politics?” Very interested, somewhat interested, not very interested, not at all interested. The variable was recoded: 4 = very interested in politics, (...) 1 = not at all interested in politics. (2) Importance of politics in life: “For each of the following, indicate how important it is in your life. Would you say it is: very important, rather important, not very important, not at all important? (...) Politics”. The variable was recoded: 4 = politics is very important, (...) 1 = politics is not at all important. 9.2.3 Liberal Orientations The concept of political support, and hereby the traditional political culture school, has focused on specific political attitudes when it comes to orientations that are conducive for democracy. By contrast, early concepts from psychology have focused on non-political orientations instead, arguing that these more general predispositions matter for people’s everyday life, and in the end also for a political system (for an overview see Welzel 187
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
Page 145 and 146: 8. Individual Characteristics or Co
Page 147 and 148: activities over the past decades sh
Page 149 and 150: (2) Conventional Participation Poli
Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
Page 153 and 154: the chances to participate in elite
Page 155 and 156: able to participate in selecting th
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171 and 172: The intraclass correlation coeffici
Page 173 and 174: Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
Page 181 and 182: in a country. Civil liberties are r
Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188: Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189 and 190: the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191 and 192: Continued: “Having democratic rul
Page 193 and 194: Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195: political interest is a dominant fa
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206: signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241 and 242: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 243 and 244: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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