Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Appendix A6-1: Factor Analysis: Conventional Participation and Voting (ESS 2002) Worked in political party or action group Contacted politician, government or local government official Worked in another organization or association Donated money to a political organization or group Conventional Participation All Western Europe Eastern Europe Voting Conventional Participation Voting Conventional Participation Voting .73 .02 .74 .02 .69 -.08 .65 -.14 .65 -.15 .64 -.15 .64 -.18 .64 -.19 .66 -.05 .62 .11 .63 .11 .60 .12 Voted in last election -.05 .98 -.05 .97 -.05 .98 Explained Variance 36% 19% 36% 20% 35% 19% K-M-O measure .69 .69 .68 Bartlett’s test of sphericity 12931.268 *** 100058.179 *** 1947.495 *** Data Source: European Social Survey, 2002. Data are weighted to correct for a sampling bias within each sample (design weight). Question formulation for conventional participation: “There are different ways to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following?” Question formulation for voting: “Some people don’t vote nowadays for one reason or another. Did you vote in the last [country] national election in [month/year]?” Respondents who have not been eligible to vote have been excluded from analysis. 240
Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Correlation between Elite-Challenging Activities and Forms of Conventional Participation Elite- Challenging Activities and... Contacted politician Worked in a party Donated money Worked in another organization Austria .18 *** .13 *** .22 *** .22 *** Belgium .16 *** .15 *** .16 *** .23 *** Switzerland .21 *** .13 *** .23 *** .21 *** Czech Republic .18 *** .10 *** .18 *** .18 *** Germany .18 *** .11 *** .20 *** .22 *** East .23 *** .13 *** .14 *** .24 *** West .16 *** .10 *** .22 *** .22 *** Denmark .14 *** .09 *** .14 *** .14 *** Spain .29 *** .28 *** .28 *** .41 *** Finland .16 *** .02 .09 *** .15 *** UK .19 *** .12 *** .17 *** .18 *** Greece .26 *** .18 *** .25 *** .31 *** Hungary .21 *** .18 *** .28 *** .24 *** Ireland .21 *** .17 *** .19 *** .27 *** Israel .19 *** .18 *** .20 *** .23 *** Italy .28 *** .27 *** .22 *** .31 *** Luxembourg .19 *** .13 *** .22 *** .24 *** Netherlands .21 *** .13 *** .20 *** .21 *** Norway .16 *** .14 *** .15 *** .21 *** Poland .23 *** .16 *** .29 *** .19 *** Portugal .32 *** .37 *** .33 *** .33 *** Sweden .14 *** .10 *** .11 *** .18 *** Slovenia .16 *** .13 *** .19 *** .12 *** Western Europe .22 *** .17 *** .22 *** .26 *** Eastern Europe .21 *** .13 *** .19 *** .28 *** Data Source: European Social Survey, 2002. Data are weighted to correct for a sampling bias within each sample (design weight). 241
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206: signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241 and 242: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 243 and 244: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
Page 247 and 248: Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249: Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 253 and 254: Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
Page 255 and 256: Continued (1)… Social activities
Page 257 and 258: Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266: Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268: Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272: Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274: Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276: Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278: Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280: Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284: Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286: Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290: Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292: Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294: Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295 and 296: Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 297 and 298: Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
Page 299 and 300: Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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