Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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“Having democratic rule” (Percent valid) “Democracy may have its problems but it’s better than others” (Percent valid) Both items added: Dem_Support (Percent valid) Net Support (Dem_ Support minus authorit.) (Percent valid) Central Eastern Europe Slovenia .17*** (85) .15*** (86) .20*** (84) .25*** (82) Croatia .14*** (84) .14*** (82) .18*** (81) .20*** (79) Poland .13*** (86) .13*** (86) .16*** (81) .18*** (76) Czech Republic .10*** (90) .10*** (90) .12*** (88) .14*** (84) Slovakia .07* (81) .03 (82) .06* (77) .04 (73) Hungary .04 (86) .11** (82) .09* (79) .17*** (76) Post-soviet societies Belarus -.01 (69) -.04 (69) -.03 (64) .00 (59) Kyrgyzstan .04 (94) .06 (94) .06 (92) .08* (91) Moldova .06 (65) -.07 (62) .01 (55) .10* (81) Ukraine .04 (66) .06 (69) .05 (59) .06 (52) Russia .04 (69) -.02 (69) .00 (61) .00 (54) Baltic states Latvia .15*** (76) .14*** (78) .15*** (72) .19*** (67) Lithuania .15** (55) .19*** (54) .16*** (47) .20*** (43) Estonia .10** (69) .11** (71) .12** (65) .12** (62) Western Europe East Germany .20*** (87) .06 (85) .16*** (83) .03 (80) Netherlands .18*** (99) .12*** (98) .17*** (98) .21*** (97) Iceland .18*** (97) .21*** (96) .22*** (95) .28*** (94) Belgium .15*** (90) .08** (91) .12*** (88) .16*** (85) Spain .15*** (77) .10*** (79) .14*** (75) .19*** (68) Ireland .12*** (90) .11** (87) .14*** (85) .19*** (80) Italy .12*** (89) .13*** (89) .15*** (87) .18*** (85) Finland .12** (87) .08* (87) .11** (85) .14*** (83) France .10*** (88) .08** (89) .12*** (86) .14*** (83) Sweden .10** (97) .05 (98) .08* (96) .12*** (92) Denmark .09** (92) .06 (92) .08* (90) .11** (88) Malta .08* (94) .09** (93) .09** (92) .06 (90) Austria .08** (94) .08** (94) .09* (92) .14*** (89) West Germany .07* (90) .03 (91) .06 (89) .07* (87) Greece .05 (95) .08** (95) .08** (94) .15*** (93) Luxembourg .03 (81) -.01 (81) .01 (77) .00 (72) Portugal .01 (85 ) -.04 (86) -.02 (83) .05 (68) Anglo-Saxon societies USA .20*** (95) .20*** (96) .25*** (93) .23*** (92) Canada .14*** (91) .10*** (91) .15*** (88) .20*** (86) Northern Ireland .05 (82) -.02 (82) .02 (78) .10* (69) Great Britain .03 (84) .11** (93) .06 (82) .04 (76) Central & Southern America Argentina .17*** (85) .13*** (85) .17*** (82) .23*** (72) Chile .06* (86) .04 (87) .05 (84) .04 (78) Peru .06* (86) .06* (85) .07** (83) .02 (77) Puerto Rico .07 (93) .00 (93) .04 (92) .10* (89) Mexico .03 (71) .06 (67) .05 (64) .01 (58) Venezuela .02 (93) .04 (93) .03 (92) -.03 (86) 180
Continued: “Having democratic rule” (Percent valid) “Democracy may have its problems but it’s better than others” (Percent valid) Both items added: Dem_Support (Percent valid) Net Support (Dem_ Support minus authorit.) (Percent valid) Africa Algeria -.06 (79) -.04 (75) -.07* (72) .02 (67) Jordan .02 (86) .10** (83) .09** (79) .10** (76) Morocco .08** (59) .04 (53) .06* (51) .08* (42) Egypt .01 (95) .00 (93) .01 (92) - - South Africa .14*** (82) .11*** (82) .16*** (78) .16*** (72) Zimbabwe .14*** (81) .02 (78) .09* (74) .07 (70) Uganda .10* (60) -.02 (57) .04 (57) .05 (56) Nigeria .07** (88) .01 (88) .05* (87) .03 (85) Tanzania -.04 (96) -.07* (94) -.07* (93) -.15*** (90) Confucian societies Japan .14*** (73) .09** (62) .13*** (61) .10** (57) Southern Asia Bangladesh .10** (79) .02 (79) .07* (78) -.16*** (73) Turkey .09*** (89) .07*** (88) .09*** (86) .18*** (82) Indonesia .07 (82) .07* (77) .08* (75) .06 (73) Philippines .04 (97) .00 (97) .02 (96) .05 (95) Vietnam -.03 (77) -.03 (67) -.05 (67) .02 (66) Pakistan -.02 (83) .03 (90) -.01 (82) -.01 (72) India -.01 (67) -.08** (64 ) -.07* (62) -.02 (58) Source: WVS/EVS 1999-2001. The variables are coded: (1) Having democratic rule (recoded: 1= very bad to 4= very good): “I'm going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. For each one, would you say it is a very good, fairly good, fairly bad or very bad way of governing this country? (…) Having a democratic political system.” (2) “Democracy may have its problems but it’s better than others” (recoded: 1= strongly disagree to 4=agree strongly): “I’m going to read off some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Could you please tell me if you agree strongly, agree, disagree or disagree strongly? (…) Democracy may have its problems but it’s better than any other form of government.” (3) Dem_Support (1= no support to 7= high level of support). Added scale: “Having democratic rule” and “Democracy may have its problems”. Transformed (1 to 7). (4) Net Support: Dem_Support minus Auth_Support. Auth_Support (1= no support to 7= high level of support): Added scale: “Having a strong leader” and “Having the army rule”. Transformed (1 to 7). Having a strong leader (recoded: 1= very bad to 4= very good): “I'm going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. For each one, would you say it is a very good, fairly good, fairly bad or very bad way of governing this country? (…) Having a strong leader who does not have to bother with parliament and elections.” Having the army rule (recoded: 1= very bad to 4= very good): “I'm going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. For each one, would you say it is a very good, fairly good, fairly bad or very bad way of governing this country? (…) Having the army rule.” The majority of the correlations is significant, and almost all significant correlations show a positive sign, indicating that those individuals who participate in demonstrations or sign petitions also support democracy as a form of governance. 81 In roughly half the 81 There are three exceptions: Bangladesh, India and Tanzania. 181
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
Page 139 and 140: Summarizing the results so far, eli
Page 141 and 142: Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
Page 143 and 144: Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
Page 145 and 146: 8. Individual Characteristics or Co
Page 147 and 148: activities over the past decades sh
Page 149 and 150: (2) Conventional Participation Poli
Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171 and 172: The intraclass correlation coeffici
Page 173 and 174: Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
Page 181 and 182: in a country. Civil liberties are r
Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188: Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189: the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 193 and 194: Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195 and 196: political interest is a dominant fa
Page 197 and 198: Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206: signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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