Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Croatia (n= 1003) 2,6 33,4 55,3 Czech Republic (n*=2109) 12,7 27,5 46,1 (n= 1908) 9,1 25,7 54,3 Denmark (n= 1182) 8,4 21,4 62,3 (n= 1030) 16,7 22,4 57,1 (n=1023) 21,3 29,5 45,1 Dominican Republic (n= 417) 7,4 10,6 71,0 East Germany (n= 1336) 1,3 12,4 75,0 (n= 999) 1,5 14,7 75,8 Egypt (n= 3000) 0,1 2,6 97,3 Estonia (n= 1008) 3,7 16,6 68,1 (n= 1005) 1,2 10,6 77,8 Finland (n= 1003) 5,5 14,8 76,1 (n= 588) 6,6 28,6 46,9 (n= 1038) 2,4 23,2 67,2 France (n= 1200) 9,5 21,8 63,5 (n=1002 ) 9,4 23,2 60,6 (n= 1615) 11,7 29,9 51,9 Georgia (n= 2008) 9,6 5,7 82,3 Great Britain (n= 1167) 7,5 15,3 73,9 (n= 1484) 8,3 18,3 71,0 (n= 1000) 9,1 26,8 58,5 Greece (n= 1142) 9,1 30,5 53,8 Hungary (n= 999) 2,7 25,7 65,8 (n= 1000) 0,8 9,1 85,0 Iceland (n= 927) 3,0 24,1 70,5 (n= 702) 4,8 19,8 72,5 (n= 968) 3,3 28,9 65,6 India (n= 2500) 5,4 14,6 69,4 (n= 2002) 7,8 14,1 57,1 Indonesia (n= 1004) 1,9 6,0 85,5 Ireland (n= 1217) 4,9 20,6 65,7 (n= 1000) 3,6 22,5 70,2 (n= 1012) 5,9 29,5 59,4 Israel (n= 1199) 6,8 23,2 65,6 290
Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 2018) 5,1 16,2 69,9 (n= 2000) 5,0 14,5 73,6 Japan (n= 1204) 2,2 10,8 64,0 (n= 1011) 2,2 9,4 59,5 (n= 1362) 2,0 14,4 57,9 Jordan (n= 1223) 1,4 2,8 94,4 Latvia (n= 903) 4,4 21,7 46,7 (n= 1013) 1,0 13,2 77,3 Lithuania (n= 1000) 2,3 43,5 41,2 (n= 1018) 1,7 18,5 56,2 Luxembourg (n= 1211) 6,0 21,0 65,0 Macedonia (n= 1055) 4,5 25,8 61,4 Malta (n= 467) 3,9 10,1 66,2 (n= 393) 4,8 11,3 64,5 (n= 1002 4,5 15,7 76,1 Mexico (n= 1837) 1,6 8,9 76,7 (n= 1531) 6,6 32,3 50,9 (n= 1535) 2,3 10,7 78,3 Moldova (n= 1008) 10,8 19,6 55,6 Montenegro (n= 1060) 3,4 22,6 47,0 Morocco (n= 2264) 1,5 2,2 87,8 Netherlands (n= 1221) 1,6 12,2 80,5 (n= 1017) 2,6 20,3 75,0 (n= 1003) 4,3 28,1 67,5 New Zealand (n= 1201) 4,2 28,4 49,1 Northern Ireland (n= 312) 5,6 19,6 71,9 (n=304) 9,9 16,8 69,7 (n= 1000) 9,0 19,1 66,3 Norway (n= 1051) 3,3 10,6 83,1 (n= 1239) ** 23,7 56,3 17,0 (n=1127) 5,1 27,5 65,9 Peru (n= 1501) 3,7 13,9 76,1 Philippines (n= 1200) 2,2 6,3 91,1 291
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249 and 250: Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 251 and 252: Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
Page 253 and 254: Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
Page 255 and 256: Continued (1)… Social activities
Page 257 and 258: Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266: Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268: Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272: Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274: Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276: Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278: Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280: Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284: Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286: Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290: Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292: Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294: Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295 and 296: Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 297 and 298: Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
Page 299: Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
Page 303 and 304: Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
Page 305 and 306: Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
Page 307 and 308: Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
Page 309 and 310: European Social Survey 2002 and 200
Page 311 and 312: Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
Page 313 and 314: Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315: Participated in illegal protest act
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