Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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when a one-unit increase in the independent variable occurs (odds with increase compared to odds without an increase in the predictor). The results in Table 8-5 show that all resource and motivation predictors in Model 1 have a significant effect on participation in elite-challenging activities. Across all 70 societies, people who are rather left-oriented, slightly dissatisfied, more interested in politics and who score higher on self expression values are more likely to join demonstrations, petitions, and boycotts than others. In addition, participants can more likely be found among male and higher educated persons. Age and income have a modest but still significantly positive effect. odds ⎛ = ⎜ ⎝ 1 − p p ⎞ ⎟ = e ⎠ ⎛ p ln ⎜ ⎝ 1− p ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ 162
Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM): Individual-Level and Contextual Determinants of Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) Model 1: Individual-level only (random intercept, random slope) Individual- and societal-level predictors Model 2: Societal-level effects on intercept Alternative Model 3: Full model with significant interaction effects Intercept 0.919 (-0.780) 0.912 (-1.017) 0.919 (-1.004) Individual-level effects (slopes): Life Satisfaction 0.973*** (-3.882) 0.975*** (-5.063) 0.975*** (-5.024) Left-Right Positioning (reversed) 1.045*** (4.215) 1.043*** (9.469) 1.012 (0.938) Interest in Politics 1.544*** (22.127) 1.530*** (37.100) 1.532*** (36.628) Self Expression Values 3.441*** (13.312) 3.812*** (21.189) 3.430*** (19.161) Control Factors: Gender 0.858** (-3.758) 0.869*** (-6.980) 0.859*** (-4.701) Age 1.004* (2.415) 1.003*** (4.925) 1.003* (2.141) Education 1.154*** (14.658) 1.157*** (27.428) 1.158*** (27.098) Income 1.030** (2.937) 1.027*** (5.494) 1.027*** (5.408) Societal-level effects (intercepts): Modernization (factor score) Inequality: Gini coefficient Cross-level interaction effects (slopes): Left-Right Positioning (reversed) * Postmodernization Gender * Inequality * Postmodernization Age * Inequality Remaining between-society variance: Intercept (Contribution to variance) Left-Right Positioning (reversed) Gender Age 0.7439*** 0.0060*** 0.0834*** 0.0002*** 2.112*** (8.806) 0.973*** (-2.714) 0.5076*** (31,8%) 1.677*** (6.175) 0.986 (-1.449) 1.052*** (6.295) 0.991* (-2.474) 1.181*** (5.233) 1.001** (3.993) 0.4239*** (43,0%) 0.0033*** (45,0%) 0.0405*** (51,4%) 0.0001*** (50.0%) Source: World Values Survey 2000-2005. N (individual level) = 56.284. N (societal level) = 70. Significance level: * p ≤ .05, ** p ≤ .01, *** p = .00. Data entries are odds ratios with T-values in parentheses. Hierarchical generalized linear model calculated with HLM 6.06. Individual-level variables: WVS 2000-2005. Gender (1=male, 2=female), Age (low to high), Education (8- point scale), Income (10-point scale). Societal-level variables: Modernization is measured as the factor score (factor analysis with GDP per capita, tertiarization, Voice and Accountability, Democracy stock, and happiness level). For the coding of the variables, please see Appendix A8-4. Inequality: Gini coefficient: Data taken from the Human Development Report (HDR) 2007/08. Note that the survey years vary. Missing data have been supplemented by previous HDR reports and the World Income Inequality Database (V2.0c May 2008) provided by World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University (UNU-WIDER): http://www.wider.unu.edu/research/Database /en_GB/wiid/ . 163
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
Page 121 and 122: The European Social Survey (ESS 200
Page 123 and 124: a member of one single organization
Page 125 and 126: associations. Social activity in Eu
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Page 129 and 130: Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
Page 131 and 132: Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
Page 133 and 134: Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
Page 135 and 136: generalized horizontal trust also p
Page 137 and 138: Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
Page 139 and 140: Summarizing the results so far, eli
Page 141 and 142: Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
Page 143 and 144: Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
Page 145 and 146: 8. Individual Characteristics or Co
Page 147 and 148: activities over the past decades sh
Page 149 and 150: (2) Conventional Participation Poli
Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
Page 153 and 154: the chances to participate in elite
Page 155 and 156: able to participate in selecting th
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171: The intraclass correlation coeffici
Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
Page 181 and 182: in a country. Civil liberties are r
Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188: Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189 and 190: the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191 and 192: Continued: “Having democratic rul
Page 193 and 194: Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195 and 196: political interest is a dominant fa
Page 197 and 198: Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206: signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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