Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Coordinated by Ronald Inglehart, University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and the WVS Executive Board the implementation of the surveys are at the responsibility of principle investigators in each participating country who also supervise the conducting of surveys by established national research institutes. The Values Surveys offer standardized cross-cultural measures of human values and goals concerning politics, economics, religion, gender roles, family values, political and civic participation, etc. The advantage of choosing these data are straightforward: First, no other survey-based data set includes so many countries differing so strongly in terms of political, economic and human development. This gives new rise to possibilities to control for the impact of especially contextual or societal factors on political participation. Second, the data set has the advantage of continuity, not only referring to the country selection, but also (and especially) with respect to the wording of questions. With all the drawbacks of survey research, this allows for as much comparability - across time and nations - as possible. Besides, the World Values Surveys provide continuous information on countries that were not at all or no longer covered by other surveys. Most countries applied a stratified multistage random sample, drawn from the entire population aged 18+ (Diez-Medrano and Luijkx 2004: 400). The respondents were asked by conducting face-to-face interviews. The Values Surveys contain the following question on elite-challenging behavior: “Now I’d like you to look at this card. I’m going to read out some different forms of political action that people can take, and I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any on these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. (1) Signing a petition (2) Joining in boycotts (3) Attending lawful demonstrations (4) Joining unofficial strikes (5) Occupying buildings and factories.” The most recent wave of the World Values Survey (WVS 2005-07) includes only the first three items. 64
European Social Survey The European Social Survey (ESS) is a large-scale survey project covering attitudes and values in various European countries. Applying a high-quality methodology, the surveys are “designed to chart and explain the interaction between Europe's changing institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of its diverse populations” 29 . The fieldwork in the first round, completed in December 2002, encompassed 22 countries: EU’s 15 old member states (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK), four new member states (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia) plus Switzerland, Norway and Israel. The second round has been completed in December 2004, increasing the number of countries to 26 (first round participants plus Iceland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Estonia; Israel dropped out). The ESS samples are representative probability samples, covering persons aged 15+ years who are residents of the country, regardless of citizenship or nationality. The surveys were conducted in face-to-face interviews; the sample sizes of the first ESS round vary from 950 respondents in France to 2.250 in Denmark. The first round European Social Survey asked the following question on elitechallenging activism: “There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following? (1) Signed a petition (2) Taken part in a lawful public demonstration (3) Boycotted certain products (4) Deliberately bought certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons (5) Participated in illegal protest activities.” The ESS 2004 wave includes the first three of the five items. 29 See the study description at http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/. The project website also provides more detailed information about the European Social Survey and its methodology. 65
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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Page 25 and 26: 2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
Page 27 and 28: has impacted generations of academi
Page 29 and 30: 28-29). The experience of these act
Page 31 and 32: in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
Page 35 and 36: in the context of the movements the
Page 37 and 38: It is therefore no wonder that the
Page 39 and 40: that some fundamental social and cu
Page 41 and 42: constitutions: universal suffrage,
Page 43 and 44: of political activism in general an
Page 45 and 46: political consumerism) as the consc
Page 47 and 48: “subjective political competence
Page 49 and 50: have differentiated between two typ
Page 51 and 52: For the design of an empirical part
Page 53 and 54: general, political participation sh
Page 55 and 56: mobilization capacity. As these org
Page 57 and 58: (1) Resources: Participants in elit
Page 59 and 60: Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
Page 61 and 62: To measure participation in elite-c
Page 63 and 64: authors have demonstrated how a com
Page 65 and 66: different countries and languages.
Page 67 and 68: of law, scholars became more and mo
Page 69 and 70: Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
Page 71 and 72: The empirical analyses exclude soci
Page 73: Will you please place each of the l
Page 77 and 78: and actual participation has not na
Page 79 and 80: In a first step, the single items i
Page 81 and 82: Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
Page 83 and 84: increase as national income rises.
Page 85 and 86: Once again, with almost two thirds
Page 87 and 88: The societies in Europe show differ
Page 89 and 90: attack. These massive demonstration
Page 91 and 92: 5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
Page 93 and 94: societies were split into English-s
Page 95 and 96: However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
Page 97 and 98: expectancy declined (in particular
Page 99 and 100: 6. Common Patterns of Complement or
Page 101 and 102: If it was true that elite-challengi
Page 103 and 104: Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 105 and 106: This conclusion is supported by the
Page 107 and 108: Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Page 111 and 112: participation in citizen action gro
Page 113 and 114: interest organizations than the one
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
Page 117 and 118: 7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
Page 119 and 120: enough to stimulate people into act
Page 121 and 122: The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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