Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

Table 8-1:
Binary-Logistic Regression: Resources and Participation
(Political Action Study 1974 and European Social Survey 2004)
Dependent variable:
Elite-Challenging
participation
Political
Action
(1974)
ESS
(2004)
Conventional
Participation
Political
Action
(1974)
ESS
(2004)
Political
Action
(1974)
Voting
Gender (0=male) .70 *** 1.20 ** 0.37 *** 0.68 *** 0.94 0.91
Age
reference: 65+ years
25 and younger
26 to 35 years
36 to 45 years
46 to 55 years
56 to 65 years
Education
reference: com. level
middle level
higher level
Income
reference: low level
middle level
high level
Status inconsistency:
reference: positive
no inconsistency
1.22
1.54 **
1.59 **
1.48 **
1.11
ESS
(2004)
2.37 ***
1.89 ***
1.88 ***
1.81 ***
1.56 *** 0.89
1.33 *
1.47 **
1.45 **
1.44 ** 0.88
1.05
1.45 *
2.16 ***
1.74 *** 0.11 ***
0.71 *
1.24
1.32
1.45 * 0.36 ***
0.36 ***
0.54 ***
0.83
1.14
1.65 *** 2.32 ** 1.73 *** 1.17
1.91 * 4.04 * 3.29 *** 1.85
1.57 * 0.95
2.20 ** 1.14
1.10
1.45
1.02
1.34
1.09 1.45 *
3.58 ** 4.40
0.87
0.84
1.05
1.12
negative inconsistency
1.24
1.89 * 0.83
0.83
.97
.96
1.01
1.12
0.74
0.62
0.94
0.76
Constant 0.32 0.15 1.15 0.20 7.97 3.87
N 6.539 7.636 7.126 7.662 7.077 7.071
Pseudo R sq. .09 .08 .13 .06 .24 .08
Countries included: Great Britain, West Germany, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, Finland.
Samples equally weighted n = 1.000. Coding of the variables:
(1) Elite-challenging participation
Political Action Study: “Please place the cards on this scale to show me first whether 1) you have actually
done any of these things on the cards using the past ten years; 2) you would do any of these things if it were
important to you; 3) you might do it in a particular situation or 4) you would never do it under any
circumstances.”
- Signing a petition?
- Joining in boycotts?
- Attending lawful demonstrations?
Recoded into 0=have not done anything, 1=have done at least one of the activities.
ESS: “There are different ways of trying to improve things in (country) or help prevent things from going
wrong. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following?“
- signed a petition?
- taken part in a lawful demonstration?
- boycotted certain products?
Recoded into 0=have not done anything, 1=have done at least one of the activities.
59 Kohler (2005: 230) refers to Friedrich (1998) who identified four different aspects of individualization: a
broadened action repertoire; a decreasing importance of legitimized rules of behavior; an emergence of new
inequalities; and an increase of the share of people who view themselves as individuals.
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