Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Organizations (WVS/EVS 1999-2001) Figure 6-4 Figure 6-5 Figure 7-1 Figure 7-2 Elite-Challenging Activities and Activity in Citizen Action Groups (WVS/EVS 1999-2001) 101 Elite-Challenging Activities and Civic Activism in Selected Postindustrial Democracies 1981-1999 (WVS/EVS) 105 Elite-Challenging Activities and Membership in Associations (ESS 2002) 112 Elite-Challenging Activities and Active Membership in Associations (ESS 2002) 114 Figure 7-3 Elite-Challenging Activities and Social Activity (ESS 2002) 115 Figure 7-4 Figure 7-5 Elite-Challenging Activities and Average Membership in European Societies (ESS 2002) 116 Informal Networks in European Societies and Elite- Challenging Activities (ESS 2002) 119 Figure 7-6 Trust Level and Elite-Challenging Activities (ESS 2002) 123 Figure 8-1 Figure 8-2 Figure 8-3 Figure 8-4 Figure 8-5 Figure 8-6 Figure 9-1 Figure 9-2 Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) and Voice & Accountability 145 Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) and Democracy Stock 147 Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) and National Affluence 148 Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) and Inequality in a Society 149 Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) and Tertiarization 151 Elite-Challenging Activities (WVS 2000-2005) and the Happiness Level in a Society 152 Elite-Challenging Activities and Institutional Democracy (POLITY I-IV, 2001-2004) 169 Elite-Challenging Activities and Democracy: Freedom House (2000-2006) 171
Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challenging Activities and Perception of Corruption (Transparency International, 2001-2006) 173 Elite-Challenging Activities and Control of Corruption (World Bank, 2002-2006) 175 Table 3-1 Summary of Hypotheses 48 Table 4-1 Democratic Societies Included in the Survey Projects: Political Action Study (PA), World Values Survey/European Values Survey (WVS/EVS) and European Social Survey (ESS) 59 Table 4-2 Factor Analysis for Elite-Challenging Activities 68 Table 5-1 Elite-Challenging Activities, in %, ESS 2002, 2004 76 Table 6-1 Table 6-2 Table 6-3 Individual-Level Correlations between Elite-Challenging Activities and Voting (ESS 2002) 94 Individual-Level Correlations between Elite-Challenging Activities and Conventional Participation (ESS 2002) 97 Individual-Level Correlation between Elite-Challenging Activities and Civic Activism (WVS/EVS 1999-2001) 103 Table 7-1 Factor Analyses for Measures of Informal Networks (ESS 2002) 118 Table 7-2 Table 7-3 Individual-Level Correlation: Measures of Social Capital’s Structural Components and Elite-Challenging Activities (ESS 2002) 121 Individual-Level Correlation: Social Trust and Elite-Challenging Activities (ESS 2002) 125 Table 7-4 Individual-Level, Binary Logistic Regression (ESS 2002) 127 Table 7-5 Table 8-1 Multi-Level (Hierarchical Generalized Linear) Model of Social Capital and Elite-Challenging Activities (ESS 2002) 133 Binary-Logistic Regression: Resources and Participation (Political Action Study 1974 and ESS 2004) 138
Page 1 and 2: Participation and Democracy: Dynami
Page 3 and 4: Declaration: I herewith declare tha
Page 5 and 6: C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
Page 7: Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
Page 11 and 12: Introduction “The effective isola
Page 13 and 14: forms of participation as elite-cha
Page 15 and 16: attempts to link the different appr
Page 17 and 18: Section B then outlines the methodo
Page 19 and 20: A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
Page 21 and 22: citizens think that national govern
Page 23 and 24: citizens used SMS to keep informed
Page 25 and 26: 2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
Page 27 and 28: has impacted generations of academi
Page 29 and 30: 28-29). The experience of these act
Page 31 and 32: in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
Page 35 and 36: in the context of the movements the
Page 37 and 38: It is therefore no wonder that the
Page 39 and 40: that some fundamental social and cu
Page 41 and 42: constitutions: universal suffrage,
Page 43 and 44: of political activism in general an
Page 45 and 46: political consumerism) as the consc
Page 47 and 48: “subjective political competence
Page 49 and 50: have differentiated between two typ
Page 51 and 52: For the design of an empirical part
Page 53 and 54: general, political participation sh
Page 55 and 56: mobilization capacity. As these org
Page 57 and 58: (1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Page 133 and 134:
Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214:
Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216:
Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218:
Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220:
Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222:
Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224:
Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226:
McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228:
Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230:
Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232:
Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234:
Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274:
Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288:
Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294:
Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295 and 296:
Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 297 and 298:
Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
Page 301 and 302:
Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
Page 307 and 308:
Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
Page 309 and 310:
European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
Page 313 and 314:
Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315:
Participated in illegal protest act
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