Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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societies, but almost all societies in Western Europe and Central Eastern Europe, the correlation with elite-challenging participation is strongest for the net-support variable. In these societies, people who participate in these activities do not only show lip-service support for democracy, but at the same time also reject non-democratic alternatives that favor governance by a small a group of non-elected officials. This interpretation is also supported when one looks at another aspect of political support in a democracy. Within the framework of Easton’s concept of political support (Easton 1965, 1975) confidence in political institutions is an important evaluative orientation of the regime’s performance (Klingemann 1999). Appendix A9-3 shows that elitechallenging activities and confidence in government, parties and parliament are only weakly correlated, whereas the link between non-institutionalized participation and the importance that people attach to living in a democracy is more pronounced. Again, this suggests that elite-challenging activities in democracies are predominantly systemsupporting participation. This conclusion is seconded by looking at the question what people think what a democracy is. In the most recent wave of the World Values Survey (2005-07) respondents where asked which characteristics they considered as essential elements of a democratic political order. Among these characteristics, four items resemble a processoriented understanding of democracy: that people choose their leaders in free elections and civil rights protect people’s liberty against oppression; that people can change laws in referendums and women have the same rights as men. Another four elements reflect an output-oriented understanding of democracy: that governments tax the rich and subsidize the poor and people receive state aid for unemployment; that the economy is prospering and criminals are severely punished. A factor analysis with the four statements shows that these characteristics are not only theoretically meaningful but also empirically relevant (see Appendix A9-4). The question now is whether people who participate in elite-challenging activities tend to have a process- or an output-oriented understanding of democracy. In general, a democratic system needs the intrinsic support from those citizens with a process-oriented understanding of democracy in order to avoid a sudden loss of support if there is a temporary weakness in the system’s output. 182
Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correlation: Elite-Challenging Activities and Understanding of Democracy (WVS/EVS 2005-07) Process-oriented understanding 183 Output-oriented understanding Eastern Europe Serbia .01 .03 (911) Bulgaria .08* .07 (630) Romania .10*** -.06* (1.335) Central Eastern Europe Slovenia .13*** -.01 (806) Poland .14*** -.03 (784) Post-soviet societies Moldova .04 .05 (897) Ukraine .01 -.06 (734) Russia -.02 -.02 (1.582) Western Europe Netherlands .16*** .03 (858) Finland .13*** -.13*** (924) France .12*** -.01 (948) Sweden .14*** -.07* (939) Germany .18*** -.09*** (1.818) Anglo-Saxon societies USA .29*** -.03 (1.177) Canada .17*** -.06** (1.736) Great Britain .24*** .03 (863) Australia .16*** -.01 (1.330) Central & Southern America Argentina .16*** -.04 (662) Brazil .09** -.04 (1.282) Chile .17*** -.07 (787) Mexico .13*** .00 (1.248) Uruguay .11** .04 (908) Africa Zambia .01 .01 (1.232) Ethiopia .17*** -.09** (939) Ghana .01 .02 (1.262) Mali -.14*** -.16*** (892) Rwanda -.03 -.11*** (1.118) Burkina Faso .02 -.03 (966) Confucian societies Japan .09* -.01 (690) South Korea .10*** -.05 (1.198) Taiwan .06* -.04 (1.200) South & Southern Asia Indonesia -.09*** .07** (1.521) Vietnam -.03 -.06* (1.295) India .05 -.06 (996) Malaysia -.08** -.14*** (1.195) Source: World Values Survey 2005-07. The coding of the variables: “Many things may be desirable, but not all of them are essential characteristics of democracy. Please tell me for each of the following things how essential you think it is as a characteristic of democracy. Use this N
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Page 143 and 144: Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
Page 145 and 146: 8. Individual Characteristics or Co
Page 147 and 148: activities over the past decades sh
Page 149 and 150: (2) Conventional Participation Poli
Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
Page 153 and 154: the chances to participate in elite
Page 155 and 156: able to participate in selecting th
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171 and 172: The intraclass correlation coeffici
Page 173 and 174: Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
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Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188: Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189 and 190: the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191: Continued: “Having democratic rul
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Page 197 and 198: Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206: signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241 and 242: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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