Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Malta (n= 467) 9,6 16,1 54,8 (n= 393) 17,0 13,7 52,3 (n= 1002) 24,7 21,8 51,9 Mexico (n= 1837) 7,6 31,5 47,2 (n= 1531) 20,2 39,7 31,9 (n= 1535) 3,4 9,4 77,5 (n= 1560) 15,7 41,6 39,3 Moldova (n= 1008) 15,8 23,2 48,5 (n= 1046) 18,2 32,1 48,2 Montenegro (n= 1060) 16,6 38,6 27,7 Morocco (n= 2264) 9,6 25,8 54,3 (n= 1200) 16,3 25,1 47,3 Netherlands (n= 1221) 11,8 30,1 52,2 (n= 1017) 24,5 38,3 36,0 (n= 1003) 31,2 36,8 32,0 (n= 1050) 18,5 33,7 39,6 New Zealand (n= 1201) 18,6 45,6 22,6 (n= 954) 18,2 44,1 25,6 N. Ireland (n= 312) 17,7 26,6 52,5 (n=304) 17,8 29,3 46,7 (n= 1000) 20,8 28,7 45,4 Norway (n= 1051) 18,3 43,4 36,2 (n= 1239) 19,0 54,2 24,4 (n=1127) 26,1 52,3 21,5 (n= 1025) 29,1 45,1 25,6 Peru (n= 1501) 16,1 48,3 29,8 (n= 1500) 23,5 39 35,2 Philippines (n= 1200) 5,8 13,8 79,8 Poland (n= 1920) 14,1 38,9 37,0 (n= 1095) 10,0 31,0 58,4 (n= 1000) 9,6 28,8 56,4 Portugal (n= 1185) 23,0 45,4 24,5 (n= 1000) 14,2 37,2 44,1 Romania (n= 1146) 13,4 37,5 39,7 (n= 1776) 6 27,4 61,4 Russia (n= 1961) 30,5 39,0 23,0 (n= 2500) 22,5 31,5 42,3 (n= 2033) 15 26,8 52,3 Rwanda (n= 1507) 13,5 16,2 64,5 Serbia (n= 1200) 22,6 30,3 41,2 (n= 1220) 20,6 33 38,9 Singapore (n= 1512) 1,2 22,5 75,0 286
Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (n= 1331) 13,0 39,5 38,7 Slovenia (n= 1035) 8,5 42,2 33,5 (n= 1006) 9,2 54,7 30,2 (n= 1037) 12 47 36,5 South Africa (n= 1595) 6,4 25,3 51,4 (n= 2736) 13,3 37,6 40,2 (n= 3000) 21,8 30,6 42,4 (n= 2988) 12,2 33,3 50 South Korea (n= 970) 5,4 27,4 42,7 (n= 1251) 18,9 31,5 44,8 (n= 1200) 18,7 36,7 27,0 (n= 1200) 11,4 45 43,5 Spain (n= 2303) 21,0 31,7 35,2 (n= 4147) 20,3 32,8 34,1 (n= 2409) 24,3 34,2 32,9 (n= 1200) 34,4 38 23,5 Sweden (n= 954) 15,1 49,8 33,3 (n= 1047) 21,8 56,8 18,0 (n= 1015) 34,7 51,9 11,8 (n= 1003) 30,9 46,5 21 Switzerland (n= 1212) 16,1 31,5 48 (n= 1241) 27,8 37,9 33,2 Tanzania (n= 1171) 28,1 54,8 15,5 Thailand (n= 1534) 2,3 12,8 84,6 Trinidad and Tobago (n= 1002) 15,1 58,5 24,3 Turkey (n= 1030) 5,3 29,5 58,5 (n= 4607) 6,8 34,2 57,4 (n= 1346) 5,8 30,6 62,4 Uganda (n= 1002) 11,9 28,7 39,2 Ukraine (n= 1195) 17,3 31,2 43,1 (n= 1000) 15,8 26,1 53,6 Uruguay (n= 1000) 18 22 59,1 USA (n= 2325) 11,9 35,8 45,6 (n= 1839) 14,8 41,7 38,9 (n= 1200) 21,1 53,5 24,0 (n= 1249) 14,7 53,3 29,4 Venezuela (n= 1200) 7,6 33,5 56,2 Vietnam (n= 1000) 1,8 35,4 56,5 (n= 1495) 0,9 19 78,2 287
Page 1 and 2:
Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
Page 247 and 248: Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249 and 250: Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 251 and 252: Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
Page 253 and 254: Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
Page 255 and 256: Continued (1)… Social activities
Page 257 and 258: Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266: Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268: Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272: Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274: Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276: Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278: Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280: Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284: Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286: Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290: Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292: Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294: Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295: Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 299 and 300: Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
Page 301 and 302: Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
Page 303 and 304: Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
Page 305 and 306: Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
Page 307 and 308: Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
Page 309 and 310: European Social Survey 2002 and 200
Page 311 and 312: Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
Page 313 and 314: Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315: Participated in illegal protest act
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