Malta (n= 467) 14,8 27,0 37,0 (n= 393) 28,1 21,3 34,0 (n= 1002) 32,8 35,2 30,8 Mexico (n= 1837) 8,5 33,4 43,6 (n= 1531) 31,4 40,1 19,1 (n= 1535) 14,8 33,8 39,7 (n= 1560) 19,7 38,5 37,1 Moldova (n= 1008) 15,2 18,6 50,6 (n= 1046) 10,3 31,1 57,5 Montenegro (n= 1060) 20,4 43,5 21,2 Morocco (n= 2264) 13,0 29,0 44,0 (n= 1200) 8,8 28,3 50,9 Netherl<strong>and</strong>s (n= 1221) 32,7 37,9 23,4 (n= 1017) 49,3 30,9 18,3 (n= 1003) 59,0 29,6 11,2 (n= 1050) 42,1 34,7 15,1 New Zeal<strong>and</strong> (n= 1201) 88,1 7,7 1,5 (n= 954) 84,1 10,8 1,8 N. Irel<strong>and</strong> (n= 312) 32,6 40,9 20,6 (n=304) 57,9 26,3 12,8 (n= 1000) 58,4 20,2 18,1 Norway (n= 1051) 53,2 26,2 18,1 (n= 1239) 59,4 27,0 10,8 (n=1127) 64,5 25,9 9,3 (n= 1025) 69,2 20,8 9,7 Peru (n= 1501) 21,0 54,9 17,8 (n= 1500) 23,9 36,8 36 Philippines (n= 1200) 9,2 22,8 66,7 Pol<strong>and</strong> (n= 1929) 15,4 36,4 34,0 (n= 1095) 22,3 28,1 48,4 (n= 1000) 22,5 28,7 44,8 Portugal (n= 1185) 26,9 42,2 23,0 (n= 1000) 21,7 37,5 37,0 Romania (n= 1146) 9,0 30,1 44,8 (n= 1776) 5,8 26,7 62,4 Russia (n= 1961) 26,5 39,5 23,6 (n= 2500) 10,9 29,7 53,0 (n= 2033) 7,7 21 63,9 Rw<strong>and</strong>a (n= 1507) 8,1 19,3 61,4 Serbia (n= 1200) 27,3 34,3 32,9 (n= 1220) 28,4 31,4 33,9 Singapore (n= 1512) 7,2 39,0 52,3 274
Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (n= 1331) 57,0 21,7 17,4 Slovenia (n= 1035) 22,2 27,1 31,1 (n= 1006) 30,7 41,3 22,8 (n= 1037) 29,3 33,7 32,1 South Africa (n= 1595) 17,1 34,1 33,5 (n= 2736) 31,5 40,3 20,1 (n= 3000) 20,6 40,5 32,5 (n= 2988) 10,8 32,4 49,3 South Korea (n= 970) 15,7 39,9 23,1 (n= 1251) 40,6 40,4 15,7 (n= 1200) 47,3 33,5 9,6 (n= 1200) 33,9 43,2 22,7 Spain (n= 2303) 20,4 37,8 27,9 (n= 4147) 16,9 31,3 33,6 (n= 2409) 24,1 32,4 31,0 (n= 1200) 22,2 44,3 28,5 Sweden (n= 954) 53,0 36,6 8,3 (n= 1047) 69,9 23,2 4,4 (n= 1015) 87,2 10,2 2,5 (n= 1003) 77,6 16,6 5 Switzerl<strong>and</strong> (n= 1212) 62,3 17,4 18,3 (n= 1241) 77,2 13,9 8,3 Tanzania (n= 1171) 10,2 45,8 41,7 Thail<strong>and</strong> (n= 1534) 3,2 15,6 81,1 Trinidad <strong>and</strong> Tobago (n= 1002) 22,3 51,2 24,4 Turkey (n= 1030) 12,8 38,4 42,9 (n= 4607) 13,7 41,5 43,3 (n= 1346) 11,7 35 52 Ug<strong>and</strong>a (n= 1002) 15,9 32,5 27,6 Ukraine (n= 1195) 12,8 31,6 45,3 (n= 1000) 6,6 24,9 62,3 Uruguay (n= 1000) 33,5 27,9 33 (n= 1000) 29,6 26,6 43 USA (n= 2325) 60,5 22,6 12,3 (n= 1839) 69,6 19,2 8,2 (n= 1200) 80,7 15,8 3,0 (n= 1249) 68,9 23,6 5,4 Venezuela (n= 1200) 14,4 65,9 16,3 Vietnam (n= 1000) 5,3 43,5 45,2 (n= 1495) 5,4 19,5 73,4 275
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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- Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
- Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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- Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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- Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
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- Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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- Page 301 and 302: Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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