Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL Mexico 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 Moldova 5 4 5 5 5 5 Montenegro 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 6 5 6 5 6 6 Morocco 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 5 5 5 Netherlands 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 New Zealand 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nigeria 2 3 2 3 2 3 7 5 7 5 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 7 5 Northern Ireland 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Norway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pakistan 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 3 5 Peru 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 5 6 5 5 5 Philippines 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 Poland 6 4 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Portugal 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Romania 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 Russian Fed. 3 3 3 4 3 4 Rwanda 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 Serbia 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 6 5 6 5 6 6 Singapore 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 Slovakia 3 4 Slovenia 2 3 2 2 1 2 South Africa 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 Soviet Union 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 Spain 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Sweden 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Switzerland 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Taiwan 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 3 4 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 Tanzania 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 Thailand 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 6 4 3 4 3 5 232
1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993- 94 PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL Trinidad & Tob. 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Turkey 6 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 4 2 4 2 4 3 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 Uganda 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 5 6 5 Ukraine 3 3 3 3 4 4 United States 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Uruguay 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 Venezuela 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 Vietnam 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Zambia 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 2 3 2 3 3 4 Table continued: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998- 1999- 2000-01 2001-02 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1999 2000 PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL PR CL Albania 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Algeria 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 Andorra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Argentina 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Armenia 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 Australia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Austria 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Azerbaijan 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 Bangladesh 2 4 3 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 Belarus 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 Belgium 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bosnia H. 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 Brazil 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Bulgaria 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Burkina Fa. 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 3 5 3 5 3 Canada 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chile 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 233
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191 and 192: Continued: “Having democratic rul
Page 193 and 194: Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195 and 196: political interest is a dominant fa
Page 197 and 198: Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206: signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
Page 247 and 248: Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249 and 250: Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 251 and 252: Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
Page 253 and 254: Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
Page 255 and 256: Continued (1)… Social activities
Page 257 and 258: Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266: Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268: Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272: Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274: Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276: Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278: Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280: Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284: Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286: Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290: Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292: Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315:
Participated in illegal protest act
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