Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University
Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University
Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University
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Figure 7-2: Elite-Challenging Activities <strong>and</strong> Active Membership in Associations<br />
80<br />
70<br />
Sweden<br />
Elite-challenging activities, in %<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
Finl<strong>and</strong><br />
Israel<br />
Italy<br />
Pol<strong>and</strong><br />
Spain<br />
Hungary<br />
Luxembourg<br />
Austria<br />
Irel<strong>and</strong><br />
Slovenia<br />
Germany<br />
Belgium<br />
UK<br />
Netherl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Norway<br />
Denmark<br />
10<br />
Portugal<br />
Greece<br />
0<br />
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50<br />
Active membership, in %<br />
Source: European Social Survey, 2002. Data are weighted to correct for a sampling bias within each sample (design<br />
weight). R = .72 ** .<br />
Elite-challenging activities: Percentage of respondents who “Have done” any of the following activities in the past 12<br />
month: Signed petition, taken part in a lawful demonstration, boycotted certain products, or deliberately bought certain<br />
products for political, ethical or environmental reasons.<br />
Active Membership: Percentage of respondents who are members <strong>and</strong> participated in activities of any of the following<br />
organizations during the past 12 months: sports club or club for outdoor activities; organization for cultural or hobby<br />
activities; trade union; business, professional or farmers’ organization; consumer or automobile organization; organization<br />
for humanitarian aid, human rights, minorities or immigrants; organization for environmental protection, peace or animal<br />
rights; religious or church organization; political party; organization for science, education, teachers or parents; social club,<br />
club for the young, the retired/elderly, women or friendly societies.<br />
Figure 7-2 shows that the level of organizational engagement drops considerably when<br />
the focus is shifted from pure membership figures to active membership, limiting the<br />
scope to those members who, during the past 12 months, have participated in<br />
organizational activities or voluntarily worked for an association. 51 The linkage to elitechallenging<br />
activities is weaker but remains positive, significant <strong>and</strong> considerably high (r<br />
= .72 *** ). In Figure 7-3 the formal aspect of membership cards is entirely disregarded by<br />
just looking at levels of activity (participation or voluntary work) in the context of<br />
51 See Appendix A7-1 for a detailed overview about active membership in all voluntary associations.<br />
114
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