Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

people tend to be rather distrustful (like in the former Ex-communist or Southern European societies), less cooperative actions can be observed. On the individual level, trust (as the motivational component of social capital) is differently conceptualized from what Inglehart (1997: 188) called “culture of trust”. In contrast to the societal attribute, it characterizes “an aspect of the relationship among individuals to be found in networks” (van Deth 2001: 7). Coleman (1980, 1990) has proposed a game-theoretical approach, arguing that trust is the outcome of a cost-benefit analysis in a given situation. Taking into account all available information the counterpart’s trustworthiness is estimated and weighed against the consequences if the own trust is betrayed. In this understanding, trust is granted to a particular person as the result of a rational decision in response to a concrete situational context. Coleman’s approach that defines trust as person-specific, situational-specific and intentional refers to interpersonal trust. This concept, however, largely disregards that trust can also be crosspersonal and cross-situational, in other words: generalized (McKnight, Cummings and Chervany 1995: 13). The two questions in the European Social Survey refer then to generalized trust as a disposition or propensity to trust others, irrespectively of the concrete situation, “a sense of basic trust, which is a pervasive attitude toward oneself and the world” (Erikson 1968: 96). It refers to so-called thin trust between strangers and acquaintances (Delhey and Newton 2005: 311) and is conceptually distinct from personalized (or particularized) trust that is generated only in face-to-face meetings. Here, voluntary associations and other forms of networks come into play again as generalized trust can emerge from face-to-face interaction: “through mechanisms not yet clearly understood the development of interpersonal trust and cooperative experience between members tends to be generalized to the society as a whole” (Stolle 2001: 205). For the social capital approach, this generalized trust is of particular importance for cooperation among individuals. People who have the disposition to generally consider others as trustworthy should also be more willing to participate with others in common activities. Table 7-3 looks at the individual-level linkage between social trust and elite-challenging activities. The correlation is a positive one and, with one exception, significant in all societies. Although the coefficients are not very high, the results in Table 7-3 suggest that 124
generalized horizontal trust also provides some kind of a personal opportunity structure through which trusting individuals can be easier mobilized into collective activities than those who do not trust others. As on the societal level, generalized trust tends to minimize transaction costs, helping individuals to overcome the usual collective action dilemma that occurs when people need to work together for a common goal: “Especially the existence of mutual trust and norms of reciprocity reduces the risk that a co-operative individual will be invited to pay the bill left behind by cheating partners” (van Deth 2001: 7). Table 7-3: Individual-Level Correlation: Social Trust and Elite-Challenging Activities (ESS 2002) Austria .08 *** Belgium .07 ** Switzerland .12 *** Czech Republic .10 *** Germany .14 *** Denmark .09 ** Spain .12 *** Finland .06 ** UK .10 *** Greece .08 *** Hungary .09 *** Ireland .06 * Israel .13 *** Italy .17 *** Luxembourg .12 *** Netherlands .12 *** Norway .04 Poland .12 *** Portugal .06 * Sweden .10 ** Slovenia .09 ** Trust and elite-challenging activities Source: European Social Survey, 2002. Data are weighted to correct for a sampling bias within each sample (design weight). Data entries are Pearson’s r. 125
Page 1 and 2:
Participation and Democracy: Dynami
Page 3 and 4:
Declaration: I herewith declare tha
Page 5 and 6:
C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
Page 7 and 8:
Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
Page 9 and 10:
Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction “The effective isola
Page 13 and 14:
forms of participation as elite-cha
Page 15 and 16:
attempts to link the different appr
Page 17 and 18:
Section B then outlines the methodo
Page 19 and 20:
A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
Page 21 and 22:
citizens think that national govern
Page 23 and 24:
citizens used SMS to keep informed
Page 25 and 26:
2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
Page 27 and 28:
has impacted generations of academi
Page 29 and 30:
28-29). The experience of these act
Page 31 and 32:
in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
Page 35 and 36:
in the context of the movements the
Page 37 and 38:
It is therefore no wonder that the
Page 39 and 40:
that some fundamental social and cu
Page 41 and 42:
constitutions: universal suffrage,
Page 43 and 44:
of political activism in general an
Page 45 and 46:
political consumerism) as the consc
Page 47 and 48:
“subjective political competence
Page 49 and 50:
have differentiated between two typ
Page 51 and 52:
For the design of an empirical part
Page 53 and 54:
general, political participation sh
Page 55 and 56:
mobilization capacity. As these org
Page 57 and 58:
(1) Resources: Participants in elit
Page 59 and 60:
Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
Page 61 and 62:
To measure participation in elite-c
Page 63 and 64:
authors have demonstrated how a com
Page 65 and 66:
different countries and languages.
Page 67 and 68:
of law, scholars became more and mo
Page 69 and 70:
Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
Page 71 and 72:
The empirical analyses exclude soci
Page 73 and 74:
Will you please place each of the l
Page 75 and 76:
European Social Survey The European
Page 77 and 78:
and actual participation has not na
Page 79 and 80:
In a first step, the single items i
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
Page 83 and 84: increase as national income rises.
Page 85 and 86: Once again, with almost two thirds
Page 87 and 88: The societies in Europe show differ
Page 89 and 90: attack. These massive demonstration
Page 91 and 92: 5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
Page 93 and 94: societies were split into English-s
Page 95 and 96: However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
Page 97 and 98: expectancy declined (in particular
Page 99 and 100: 6. Common Patterns of Complement or
Page 101 and 102: If it was true that elite-challengi
Page 103 and 104: Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 105 and 106: This conclusion is supported by the
Page 107 and 108: Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
Page 109 and 110: democracy alive at the very grassro
Page 111 and 112: participation in citizen action gro
Page 113 and 114: interest organizations than the one
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
Page 117 and 118: 7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
Page 119 and 120: enough to stimulate people into act
Page 121 and 122: The European Social Survey (ESS 200
Page 123 and 124: a member of one single organization
Page 125 and 126: associations. Social activity in Eu
Page 127 and 128: tradition to assume that organizati
Page 129 and 130: Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
Page 131 and 132: Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
Page 133: Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
Page 137 and 138: Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
Page 139 and 140: Summarizing the results so far, eli
Page 141 and 142: Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
Page 143 and 144: Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
Page 145 and 146: 8. Individual Characteristics or Co
Page 147 and 148: activities over the past decades sh
Page 149 and 150: (2) Conventional Participation Poli
Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
Page 153 and 154: the chances to participate in elite
Page 155 and 156: able to participate in selecting th
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171 and 172: The intraclass correlation coeffici
Page 173 and 174: Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
Page 181 and 182: in a country. Civil liberties are r
Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188:
Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189 and 190:
the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191 and 192:
Continued: “Having democratic rul
Page 193 and 194:
Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195 and 196:
political interest is a dominant fa
Page 197 and 198:
Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200:
participation in elite-challenging
Page 201 and 202:
Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
Page 203 and 204:
The results in Table 9-6 show that
Page 205 and 206:
signing petitions. Major accounts o
Page 207 and 208:
Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210:
public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212:
Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214:
Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216:
Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218:
Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220:
Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222:
Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224:
Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226:
McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228:
Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230:
Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232:
Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234:
Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236:
Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238:
Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240:
G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241 and 242:
1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 243 and 244:
1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246:
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
Page 247 and 248:
Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249 and 250:
Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 251 and 252:
Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
Page 253 and 254:
Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
Page 255 and 256:
Continued (1)… Social activities
Page 257 and 258:
Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260:
Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262:
Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264:
Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266:
Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268:
Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270:
Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272:
Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274:
Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276:
Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278:
Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280:
Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282:
World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284:
Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286:
Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288:
Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290:
Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292:
Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294:
Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295 and 296:
Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 297 and 298:
Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
Page 299 and 300:
Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
Page 301 and 302:
Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
Page 303 and 304:
Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
Page 305 and 306:
Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
Page 307 and 308:
Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
Page 309 and 310:
European Social Survey 2002 and 200
Page 311 and 312:
Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
Page 313 and 314:
Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315:
Participated in illegal protest act
show all

Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?