Appendix A7-1: Social activities in % (ESS 2002) Sports club or club for outdoor activities Organization for cultural or hobby activities Trade union Member Participated Voluntary work Member Participated Voluntary work Member Participated Voluntary work Austria 26,4 13,3 3,1 17,5 13,4 3,2 21,5 3,2 0,5 Belgium 28,9 22,7 8,1 22,3 18,9 6,6 27,6 4,8 0,9 Germany 31,7 20,5 11,1 16,5 14,1 7,3 14,0 3,3 1,4 Denmark 36,1 23,7 13,1 25,8 17,9 7,2 64,5 10,6 2,0 Spain 12,4 10,2 1,3 11,0 7,5 3,3 5,5 1,8 0,5 Finl<strong>and</strong> 22,4 12,4 4,0 13,4 10,2 2,0 45,9 3,5 0,4 UK 27,4 22,5 6,2 16,1 16,0 4,8 15,7 2,7 0,5 Greece 4,3 2,7 1,0 5,7 3,3 1,7 5,3 2,4 0,8 Hungary 5,4 6,1 2,1 4,5 5,8 2,6 6,0 2,6 0,8 Irel<strong>and</strong> 33,9 17,7 5,6 18,4 10,5 3,2 19,0 3,5 0,8 Israel 16,9 10,5 0,7 13,1 10,0 1,3 14,1 2,8 0,5 Italy 8,4 9,5 0,9 7,2 6,1 0,7 8,8 4,7 0,3 Luxembourg 25,5 12,6 5,4 21,3 10,0 4,9 22,2 2,6 0,8 Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 46,2 25,1 13,4 19,0 11,1 6,3 21,6 2,3 0,7 Norway 32,0 20,6 19,9 22,0 17,0 12,5 47,3 9,6 5,2 Pol<strong>and</strong> 4,2 2,2 1,0 3,3 2,8 1,3 6,1 1,6 0,5 Portugal 8,3 6,4 1,4 3,6 3,1 0,8 5,2 1,4 0,3 Sweden 38,5 23,3 17,0 24,6 16,4 9,5 55,6 6,9 2,1 Slovenia 16,1 10,2 7,6 8,1 5,1 4,9 19,3 3,0 1,6 No results for Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Czech Republic. Source: European Social Survey, 2002. Data are weighted to correct for a sampling bias within each sample (design weight) Question: “For each of the voluntary organizations I will now mention, please use this card to tell me whether any of these things apply to you now or in the last 12 months, <strong>and</strong>, if so, which.” Answers included: “Member”, “Participated”, <strong>and</strong> “Voluntary Work”. 244
Continued (1)… Social activities in % (ESS 2002) Business, professional, or farmers’ organization Consumer or automobile organization Organization for humanitarian aid, human rights, minorities, or immigrants Member Participated Voluntary work Member Participated Voluntary work Member Participated Voluntary work Austria 9,8 3,3 0,6 32,5 2,6 0,1 8,3 4,5 1,5 Belgium 9,0 4,7 2,1 9,2 1,4 0,7 6,5 4,4 2,9 Germany 8,6 3,4 1,4 28,1 1,1 0,3 5,8 2,9 2,0 Denmark 14,3 5,8 1,6 17,5 1,0 0,3 11,4 2,7 3,4 Spain 4,7 1,9 0,1 3,7 1,4 0,0 4,0 4,0 1,4 Finl<strong>and</strong> 11,8 3,1 0,6 4,6 0,9 0,1 3,8 2,6 1,8 UK 13,1 5,4 1,4 32,2 2,4 0,2 3,5 2,9 2,1 Greece 5,5 2,2 0,7 0,4 0,3 0,1 1,0 0,7 0,7 Hungary 3,3 3,1 1,1 2,8 0,7 0,1 0,7 0,8 0,8 Irel<strong>and</strong> 15,6 5,6 1,4 8,9 1,2 0,2 4,7 3,4 1,6 Israel 7,7 1,3 0,3 24,5 1,6 0,1 2,8 2,1 1,2 Italy 9,1 2,9 0,2 6,3 0,9 0,0 4,4 2,1 1,1 Luxembourg 11,4 2,6 1,4 45,8 0,3 0,0 9,3 2,2 1,7 Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 12,8 5,0 1,2 31,6 1,9 0,4 7,9 1,4 2,8 Norway 14,7 4,8 1,8 33,1 1,2 0,6 16,9 3,3 3,5 Pol<strong>and</strong> 1,1 0,9 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,1 0,5 0,8 0,4 Portugal 3,0 0,7 0,4 1,5 0,5 0,1 1,9 1,8 0,4 Sweden 8,6 3,8 1,8 37,3 1,9 0,8 13,5 4,1 3,9 Slovenia 7,6 2,9 2,0 8,8 0,9 0,5 5,4 1,9 2,1 No results for Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Czech Republic. Source: European Social Survey, 2002. Data are weighted to correct for a sampling bias within each sample (design weight) Question: “For each of the voluntary organizations I will now mention, please use this card to tell me whether any of these things apply to you now or in the last 12 months, <strong>and</strong>, if so, which.” Answers included: “Member”, “Participated”, <strong>and</strong> “Voluntary Work”. 245
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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- Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
- Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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- Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
- Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
- Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
- Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act