Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Ukraine (n= 1195) 0,8 4,7 84,7 Uruguay (n= 1000) 7 15,2 69,9 USA (n= 2325) 1,4 8,4 83,8 (n= 1839) 1,4 16,5 77,4 (n= 1200) 3,9 23,7 67,1 Venezuela (n= 1200) 1,7 8,0 87,3 Vietnam (n= 1000) 1,0 18,7 65,0 West Germany (n= 1305) 1,0 9,9 83,2 (n= 2101) 1,0 9,0 82,1 (n= 1037) 0,7 13,0 80,8 Where values do not add up to 100 percent, it is due to missing values. Question wording: “Now I’d like you to look at this card, I’m going to read out some different form of political action that people can take, and I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it, (…) Occupying buildings or factories”. * Czech Republic and Slovakia: During the third WVS wave two surveys were conducted, one in 1990, another one in 1991, With the exception of “Attending lawful demonstrations”, the results are based on the 1991 surveys with 2109 Czech respondents and 1136 Slovak respondents, respectively, Azerbaijan, Australia, Armenia, Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, New Zealand, Norway, Dominican Republic, Switzerland, Georgia: Data from 1995-97 WVS. 298
European Social Survey 2002 and 2004 (Round 1 and 2) Worn or displayed campaign badge/sticker 2002 (Round 1) 2004 (Round 2) Yes No Yes No France (n=1503) 11,4 88,4 12,9 87,1 France (n=1806) Norway (n=2036) 22,8 77,2 23,2 76,6 Norway (n=1760) Austria (n=2257) 7,8 91,0 8,6 89,7 Austria (n=2256) Belgium (n=1899) 7,4 92,3 5,2 94,7 Belgium (n=1778) Switzerland (n=2039) 9,4 90,5 8,5 91,5 Switzerland (n=2141) Czech Republic (n=1360) 4,9 92,9 4,6 93,5 Czech Republic (n=3026) Germany (n=2919) 5,8 94,2 4,4 95,6 Germany (n=2870) Denmark (n=1506) 5,1 94,6 8,0 91,8 Denmark (n=1487) Spain (n=1729) 9,7 89,1 11,5 87,7 Spain (n=1663) Finland (n=2000) 15,7 84,3 14,1 85,8 Finland (n=2022) UK (n=2052) 9,8 90,1 7,5 92,3 UK (n=1897) Greece (n=2566) 2,7 96,2 2,6 97,2 Greece (n=2406) Hungary (n=1685) 3,2 96,6 1,4 98,2 Hungary (n=1498) Ireland (n=2046) 9,2 88,4 7,5 90,0 Ireland (n=2286) Israel (n=2499) 11,8 87,6 Italy (n=1207) 7,3 92,0 Luxembourg (n=1552) 5,2 94,4 5,6 94,1 Luxembourg (n=1635) Netherlands (n=2364) 3,8 96,1 5,4 94,5 Netherlands (n=1881) Poland (n=2110) 2,9 96,5 3,8 95,9 Poland (n=1716) Portugal (n=1511) 6,5 92,8 2,5 97,0 Portugal (n=2052) Sweden (n=1999) 10,7 89,1 12,7 87,1 Sweden (n=1948) Slovenia (n=1519) 2,1 96,6 1,9 97,3 Slovenia (n=1442)
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
Page 257 and 258: Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266: Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268: Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272: Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274: Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276: Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278: Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280: Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284: Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286: Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290: Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292: Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294: Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295 and 296: Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 297 and 298: Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
Page 299 and 300: Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
Page 301 and 302: Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
Page 303 and 304: Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
Page 305 and 306: Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
Page 307: Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
Page 311 and 312: Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
Page 313 and 314: Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315: Participated in illegal protest act
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