Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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conducted separately for different country groups, the results are controlled for sex, age and education effects. Table 9-6: Binary Logistic Regression Analysis, WVS/EVS 1999-2001 (dependent variable: Elite-Challenging Activities) Eastern Europe Central Eastern Europe Post-soviet societies Baltic states Western Europe Political culture approach: Net_support for democracy 1.09*** 1.14*** 1.02 1.14*** 1.07*** Political involvement: Politics important Ref: not at all not very rather very important Liberal orientation: Tolerance of different lifestyles Ref: low medium high Constant Nagelkerke R sq. N 1.38*** 1.82*** 2.17*** 1.19* 1.80*** .325 .07 4.523 1.42*** 1.94*** 1.75*** 1.47*** 2.44*** .178 .12 5.483 1.50** 1.86*** 1.68** 1.32** 1.55** .068 .05 3.367 0.75* 1.27 1.80* .81 .88 .138 .10 1.610 1.34*** 1.88*** 2.20*** 1.60*** 2.56*** .398 .14 15.709 Anglo-Saxon societies Central & Southern America Africa Southern Asia Political culture approach: Net_support for democracy 1.12*** 1.01 1.04** 1.09*** 1.10 Political involvement: Politics important Ref: not at all not very rather very important Liberal orientation: Tolerance of different lifestyles Ref: low medium high Constant Nagelkerke R sq. N 1.45** 1.88*** 1.85*** 1.76*** 2.84*** .607 .12 4.668 1.06 1.56*** 1.59*** 1.42*** 2.09*** .154 .07 5.381 1.27* 1.53*** 2.00*** 1.91*** 2.28*** .163 .09 7.578 .97 1.25 1.71*** 1.85*** 3.28*** .144 .11 6.733 Source: World Values Survey 1999-2001, pooled sample. Samples equally weighted with n = 1.000. The results are controlled for sex, age and education. Data entries: Odds ratios. 1.01 1.64 1.66 Japan 1.20 1.21 .065 .14 659 192
The results in Table 9-6 show that all three approaches can, to a certain degree, explain what motivates people into participating, and that these factors still come through after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and mutual influences. Of the three factors, however, support for democracy shows the weakest impact (note that an odds ratio = 1.00 means that there is no difference between groups in the probability for an event to happen (i.e. to participate) and for an event not to happen (i.e. not to participate)). Participation in elite-challenging activities is more driven by people’s political involvement and their liberal orientation: Whereas in most of the postcommunist European societies (with the exception of Central Eastern Europe) the importance of politics has a greatest impact on participation, in all other country groups (and strongest in Western Europe, Anglo-Saxon societies and Southern Asia) it is a liberal view on human emancipation that motivates people into elite-challenging activities. The previous analyses could find no evidence – neither at the individual nor at the aggregate level – that elite-challenging participation poses a threat to democracy. Participants show high support for the idea of democracy and at the same time reject authoritarian alternatives; they are motivated by a process-oriented understanding of democracy; they show high levels of political involvement and emancipative values. It should be noted, however, that several of these characteristics are most pronounced in postindustrial societies. A similar link can be found at the aggregate level: In societies with higher levels of elite-challenging activities political processes are more democratic and elites less corrupt. The rise of elite-challenging publics gives therefore no reason to worry about democracy. 193
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Page 153 and 154: the chances to participate in elite
Page 155 and 156: able to participate in selecting th
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171 and 172: The intraclass correlation coeffici
Page 173 and 174: Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
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Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188: Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189 and 190: the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191 and 192: Continued: “Having democratic rul
Page 193 and 194: Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195 and 196: political interest is a dominant fa
Page 197 and 198: Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199 and 200: participation in elite-challenging
Page 201: Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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Page 207 and 208: Causes of elite-challenging activit
Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241 and 242: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 243 and 244: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
Page 247 and 248: Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249 and 250: Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 251 and 252: Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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