Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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Continued: Tolerance towards foreigners (Percent valid) Tolerance of different lifestyles (Percent valid) Own choice and control over life (Percent valid) Gender Equality (Percent valid) Trust in others (Percent valid) Baltic states Latvia .00 (88) .09* (81) -.02 (84) .04 (86) Lithuania .10** (72) .05 (64) -.02 (69) .13** (69) Estonia .08* (83) .06 (71) .08* (81) .09* (81) Western Europe East Germany .02 (86) .13*** (85) -.03 (94) .10** (91) Netherlands .15*** (100) .26*** (99) .05 (100) .17*** (99) Iceland .08* (98) .21*** (92) .06 (97) .09** (94) Belgium .18*** (97) .22*** (93) .03 (95) .08** (93) Spain .10*** (84) .29*** (79) .04 (81) .16*** (40) .09*** (81) Italy .11*** (93) .26*** (88) .11*** (90) .15*** (91) Finland .09** (91) .20*** (87) .12*** (90) .10** (89) France .02 (96) .13*** (89) -.02 (95) .07** (92) Sweden -.01 (99) .12*** (95) .03 (99) .10** (94) .11** (95) Denmark .10** (95) .22*** (89) .08* (94) .14*** (92) Malta .05 (97) .17*** (98) -.05 (97) .05 (96) Austria .13*** (97) .23*** (93) -.05 (96) .15*** (90) W. Germany .00 (82) .18*** (88) .01 (91) .00 (88) Greece .10** (96) .24*** (89) .01 (95) .15*** (83) Luxembourg .09 (91) .19*** (87) .01 (90) .06* (88) Portugal .01 (92) .17*** (87) .00 (90) .16*** (90) Anglo-Saxon societies USA .06 (98) .10*** (96) .06* (98) .11*** (92) .14*** (97) Canada -.01 (98) .24*** (93) .06* (98) .16*** (94) .09*** (97) Ireland .10** (95) .28*** (87) .01 (94) .12*** (93) North. Ireland .08* (94) .16*** (84) -.15*** (92) .01 (92) Great Britain -.04 (98) .10** (95) -.08* (97) .01 (94) Central & Southern America Argentina .07* (90) .15*** (81) -.02 (87) .10** (81) .15*** (88) Chile -.11 (92) .17*** (87) .12*** (91) .13*** (89) .10** (90) Peru -.03 (89) .08** (87) .02 (88) -.01 (85) .04 (88) Puerto Rico .08* (96) .18*** (93) .03 (95) .08 (92) .15*** (95) Mexico -.02 (81) .07* (74) -.03 (76) -.03 (76) .04 (79) Venezuela -.03 (94) .04 (93) -.04 (94) -.02 (90) .03 (94) Africa Algeria .06* (87) .10** (84) .07* (82) .01 (82) .03 (85) Jordan .01 (98) .09** (96) .05 (97) .04 (97) .05 (96) Morocco .08** (82) .10*** (80) .15*** (68) -.08*** (80) Egypt .01 (100) -.01 (100) .03 (99) .00 (99) -.02 (99) South Africa .11*** (88) .12*** (85) .22*** (87) .07** (82) .02 (87) Zimbabwe .06 (90) .14*** (88) -.07* (89) .00 (85) -.04 (88) Uganda -.02 (63) -.02 (63) .25*** (62) .01 (62) .05 (63) Nigeria .00 (89) .04 (89) .05* (89) -.04 (87) .00 (89) Tanzania -.04 (97) .03 (95) -.02 (96) -.10** (95) .15*** (93) Confucian societies Japan -.03 (71) .00 (77) .06 (54) .11*** (75) 190
Continued: Tolerance towards foreigners (Percent valid) Tolerance of different lifestyles (Percent valid) Own choice and control over life (Percent valid) Gender Equality (Percent valid) Trust in others (Percent valid) Southern Asia Bangladesh -.07* (82) .18*** (81) .04 (72) .14*** (80) -.01 (81) Turkey .14*** (97) .29*** (25) .14*** (97) .14*** (70) .02 (96) Indonesia -.01 (87) .17*** (87) -.05 (83) -.02 (83) -.08* (77) Philippines -.01 (98) .01 (97) .01 (98) .01 (97) .04 (97) Vietnam .01 (81) -.01 (76) -.11* (81) .07 (77) .06 (77) Pakistan -.04 (92) .01 (88) -.08** (69) -.02 (85) .07** (84) India .01 (78) .05 (61) .07* (72) .08** (71) -.01 (76) Israel .29*** (90) .19*** (92) Source: World Values Survey 1999-2001. The coding of the variables: (1) Tolerance towards foreigners: “On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors?” - People with a different race - Immigrants/foreign workers Respondents who have mentioned any of the two = -1. None of the groups mentioned = 0. (2) Tolerance of different lifestyles: “Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between, using this card.” - Homosexuality - Divorce Never justifiable = 1. Always justifiable = 10. The two scales were added. (3) Gender Equality: Two items added (each coded from 1 = agree strongly to 4 = strongly disagree): “On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do.” “A university education is more important for a boy than for a girl.” (4) Trust in Others: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?” Recoded: Need to be very careful = 0. Most people can be trusted = 1. The third and fourth column of Table 9-5 complements the analysis of the link between elite-challenging activities and liberal orientations. Questions on gender equality are available only in a limited number of countries and show a positive link only in relatively modern societies (exception: Bangladesh). More important is the influence of social trust: trust, an important resource for cooperation with others, and elite-challenging activities are positively linked at the individual level (as demonstrated in Chapter 7). For a final overview, Table 9-6 summarizes the most relevant factors of the three approaches in a regression, testing which of these predictors has the strongest effect on why people participate in elite-challenging activities. The regression analyses are 191
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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Page 151 and 152: Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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Page 155 and 156: able to participate in selecting th
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
Page 159 and 160: Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Page 163 and 164: assess the formal structure of a de
Page 165 and 166: 8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
Page 167 and 168: well-known phenomenon in regression
Page 169 and 170: to replace the five single predicto
Page 171 and 172: The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Page 175 and 176: European societies only. The effect
Page 177 and 178: 9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
Page 179 and 180: for both scales are derived. Accord
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Page 183 and 184: 9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
Page 185 and 186: Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
Page 187 and 188: Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
Page 189 and 190: the ideal citizen voices his or her
Page 191 and 192: Continued: “Having democratic rul
Page 193 and 194: Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
Page 195 and 196: political interest is a dominant fa
Page 197 and 198: Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
Page 199: participation in elite-challenging
Page 203 and 204: The results in Table 9-6 show that
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Page 209 and 210: public behavior. The elite-challeng
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
Page 213 and 214: Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
Page 215 and 216: Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
Page 217 and 218: Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
Page 219 and 220: Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
Page 221 and 222: Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
Page 223 and 224: Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
Page 225 and 226: McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
Page 227 and 228: Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
Page 229 and 230: Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
Page 239 and 240: G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
Page 241 and 242: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 243 and 244: 1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
Page 245 and 246: 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
Page 247 and 248: Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
Page 249 and 250: Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
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Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
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Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
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Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
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Political interest (percent valid)
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Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
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Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
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Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
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Continued: People with a different
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Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
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World Values Survey/European Values
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Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
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Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
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Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
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Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
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Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
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Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
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Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
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Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
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Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
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Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
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European Social Survey 2002 and 200
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Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4
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Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
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Participated in illegal protest act
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