Participation and Democracy: Dynamics, Causes ... - Jacobs University

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2,7 96,8 Estonia (n=1989) 33,5 63,9 Iceland (n=579) 5,2 93,8 Slovakia (n=1512) 13,3 85,8 Ukraine (n=2031) Where values do not add up to 100 percent, it is due to missing values, Question wording: “There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong, During the last 12 months, have you done any of following? (,,,) Worn or displayed a campaign badge/sticker,” Signed Petition 2002 (Round 1) 2004 (Round 2) Yes No Yes No France (n=1503) 34,7 65,0 31,8 67,8 France (n=1806) Norway (n=2036) 37,2 62,6 38,5 61,1 Norway (n=1760) Austria (n=2257) 27,0 71,9 24,3 73,9 Austria (n=2256) Belgium (n=1899) 33,6 65,5 21,9 77,8 Belgium (n=1778) Switzerland (n=2039) 39,0 60,2 37,9 61,2 Switzerland (n=2141) Czech Republic (n=1360) 15,8 82,5 13,3 84,7 Czech Republic (n=3026) Germany (n=2919) 30,4 69,4 32,4 67,5 Germany (n=2870) Denmark (n=1506) 28,1 71,5 28,8 70,3 Denmark (n=1487) Spain (n=1729) 23,9 74,8 24,7 75,1 Spain (n=1663) Finland (n=2000) 24,0 75,9 25,5 74,2 Finland (n=2022) UK (n=2052) 40,0 59,8 35,4 64,1 UK (n=1897) Greece (n=2566) 4,7 94,7 3,0 96,9 Greece (n=2406) Hungary (n=1685) 4,2 95,6 6,3 93,3 Hungary (n=1498) Ireland (n=2046) 27,0 70,7 22,3 75,3 Ireland (n=2286) Israel (n=2499) 18,2 80,6 Italy (n=1207) 17,2 81,7 Luxembourg (n=1552) 28,6 70,4 20,7 78,8 Luxembourg (n=1635) 300
Netherlands (n=2364) 22,3 77,2 23,4 76,2 Netherlands (n=1881) Poland (n=2110) 6,8 92,6 9,3 90,3 Poland (n=1716) Portugal (n=1511) 7,3 92,0 4,5 95,0 Portugal (n=2052) Sweden (n=1999) 40,4 58,7 48,4 51,1 Sweden (n=1948) Slovenia (n=1519) 11,7 87,2 5,7 93,6 Slovenia (n=1442) 4,1 95,5 Estonia (n=1989) 47,5 49,9 Iceland (n=579) 24,9 72,9 Slovakia (n=1512) 9,3 89,1 Ukraine (n=2031) Where values do not add up to 100 percent, it is due to missing values, Question wording: “There are different ways of trying to improve things in [country] or help prevent things from going wrong, During the last 12 months, have you done any of following? (,,,) Signed a petition,” Taken part in a lawful demonstration 2002 (Round 1) 2004 (Round 2) Yes No Yes No France (n=1503) 17,9 82,0 12,8 87,1 France (n=1806) Norway (n=2036) 9,0 91,0 10,6 89,4 Norway (n=1760) Austria (n=2257) 9,5 89,5 6,5 92,1 Austria (n=2256) Belgium (n=1899) 8,4 91,0 6,5 93,5 Belgium (n=1778) Switzerland (n=2039) 7,9 92,1 8,8 91,2 Switzerland (n=2141) Czech Republic (n=1360) 4,5 93,5 3,3 94,7 Czech Republic (n=3026) Germany (n=2919) 10,6 89,4 8,5 91,5 Germany (n=2870) Denmark (n=1506) 8,3 91,4 5,4 94,4 Denmark (n=1487) Spain (n=1729) 17,3 81,5 33,9 65,7 Spain (n=1663) Finland (n=2000) 2,0 98,0 2,0 98,0 Finland (n=2022) UK (n=2052) 4,4 95,6 3,7 96,1 UK (n=1897) Greece (n=2566) 4,5 95,1 5,0 95,0 Greece (n=2406) 301
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
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Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
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Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
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Associations and Political Involvem
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Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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G) Personal Autonomy and Individual
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1981 1982 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1
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1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 199
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Appendix A4-4: Internal Consistency
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Appendix A5-2: Elite-Challenging Ac
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Appendix A6-2: Individual-Level Cor
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Appendix A6-4: Factor Analysis: Unp
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Continued (1)… Social activities
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Continued (3)… Social activities
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A7-3: Social Trust in Euro
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A7-5: Stepwise Multi-Level
Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
Page 265 and 266: Gender (percent valid) Age (percent
Page 267 and 268: Political interest (percent valid)
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A8-4: Alternative Multi-Le
Page 271 and 272: Appendix A9-1: Elite-Challenging Ac
Page 273 and 274: Appendix A9-3: Individual-level Cor
Page 275 and 276: Appendix A9-4: Factor Analysis: Ess
Page 277 and 278: Continued: People with a different
Page 279 and 280: Finland (n=1224) 1,1 11,9 28,1 51,3
Page 281 and 282: World Values Survey/European Values
Page 283 and 284: Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Gua
Page 285 and 286: Slovakia (n*=1136) 34,8 31,9 18,1 (
Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
Page 289 and 290: Guatemala (n= 1000) 1,2 8,8 85,5 Hu
Page 291 and 292: Slovenia (n= 1035) 6,4 37,ß 36,8 (
Page 293 and 294: Attending Lawful Demonstrations 198
Page 295 and 296: Greece (n= 1142) 46,1 37,1 13,7 Gua
Page 297 and 298: Slovakia (n*=1602) 19,3 47,0 21,1 (
Page 299 and 300: Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
Page 301 and 302: Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
Page 303 and 304: Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
Page 305 and 306: Croatia (n= 1003) 0,7 16,6 73,3 Cze
Page 307 and 308: Peru (n= 1501) 1,6 11,5 80,7 Philip
Page 309: European Social Survey 2002 and 200
Page 313 and 314: Denmark (n=1506) 22,8 76,8 28,2 71,
Page 315: Participated in illegal protest act
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