Burkina Faso (n= 1534) 11,9 46,9 17,9 Canada (n= 1254) 60,6 25,6 11,2 (n= 1730) 75,9 14,7 8,2 (n= 1931) 72,7 18,5 8,0 (n= 2148) 71,4 17,8 8,3 Chile (n= 1500) 22,1 32,4 42,0 (n= 1200) 18,6 25,4 49,6 (n= 1000) 16,8 20,1 61,9 Colombia (n= 6025) 18,1 46,5 31,1 (n= 3025) 15,1 51,2 33,3 Croatia (n= 1003) 33,5 56,9 5,3 Cyprus (n= 1050) 24,5 37,3 38,2 Czech Republic (n*=2109) 44,5 29,8 18,2 (n= 1908) 56,4 25,7 14,0 Denmark (n= 1182) 41,0 27,6 25,7 (n= 1030) 50,3 25,0 23,0 (n= 1023) 55,2 26,4 15,6 Dom. Republic (n= 417) 13,7 53,7 24,5 East Germany (n= 1336) 66,1 25,1 6,2 (n= 999) 58,5 28,9 8,3 (n= 1076) 47,7 27,3 21,3 Egypt (n= 3000) 19,8 37,3 42,9 (n= 3051) 6,9 14,6 78,5 Estonia (n= 1008) 36,0 35,5 20,8 (n= 1005) 18,7 29,6 42,3 Ethiopia (n= 1500) 15,3 31,7 25,5 Finl<strong>and</strong> (n= 1003) 29,0 40,0 28,4 (n= 588) 34,0 38,1 11,6 (n= 1038) 46,8 34,8 12,9 (n= 1014) 49 31,1 16,9 France (n= 1200) 43,2 30,5 23,2 (n= 1002) 51,4 27,7 16,6 (n= 1615) 67,4 22,1 9,1 (n= 1001) 66,4 22,8 10,3 Georgia (n= 2008) 13,5 14,2 69,5 Ghana (n= 1534) 3,8 35,9 52,4 Great Britain (n= 1167) 62,3 26,7 9,7 (n= 1484) 74,7 16,7 7,6 (n= 1000) 78,1 14,9 5,5 (n= 1041) 65,9 22,5 8,3 272
Greece (n= 1142) 48,4 37,5 11,7 Guatemala (n= 1000) 12,3 40,1 45,9 Hungary (n= 999) 17,2 28,6 50,1 (n= 1000) 14,1 30,9 50,8 Icel<strong>and</strong> (n= 927) 36,9 45,7 15,5 (n= 702) 46,6 36,0 16,0 (n= 968) 52,5 36,8 9,7 India (n= 2500) 22,4 40,8 27,1 (n= 2002) 23,8 23,5 35,0 (n= 2001) 22,6 20,1 35,4 Indonesia (n= 1004) 4,8 18,3 65,1 (n= 2015) 5,4 22,5 59,4 Iraq (n= 2701) 8,1 25,6 48,2 Irel<strong>and</strong> (n= 1217) 27,4 44,4 23,0 (n= 1000) 41,4 39,2 17,9 (n= 1012) 58,3 25,2 14,4 Israel (n= 1199) 37,9 29,0 30,3 Italy (n= 1348) 36,4 28,5 24,1 (n= 2018) 42,1 31,4 17,2 (n= 2000) 52,4 29,2 14,4 (n= 1012) 52,1 30,9 13,4 Japan (n= 1204) 42,4 28,5 13,4 (n= 1011) 52,0 21,4 11,2 (n= 1362) 56,8 26,6 6,5 (n= 1096) 54,9 25,5 11,3 Jordan (n= 1223) 7,9 8,9 81,8 (n= 1200) 3,6 6,8 88,1 Latvia (n= 903) 59,4 21,5 11,1 (n= 1013) 17,7 30,4 44,5 Lithuania (n= 1000) 55,4 27,2 12,4 (n= 1018) 22,2 31,4 27,6 Luxembourg (n= 1211) 50,2 30,4 13,7 Macedonia (n= 1055) 24,7 37,5 31,2 Malaysia (n= 1201) 6,4 25,9 67,7 Mali (n= 1534) 14,2 30,7 31,9 273
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Participation and Democracy: Dynami
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Declaration: I herewith declare tha
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C Empirical Analyses 5 “The Rise
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Figures and Tables Figure 2-1 Chang
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Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Elite-Challen
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Introduction “The effective isola
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forms of participation as elite-cha
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attempts to link the different appr
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Section B then outlines the methodo
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A THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The th
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citizens think that national govern
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citizens used SMS to keep informed
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2. Theoretical Framework: What Expl
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has impacted generations of academi
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28-29). The experience of these act
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in mass-based, hierarchical organiz
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Figure 2-1: Change in Party Members
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in the context of the movements the
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It is therefore no wonder that the
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that some fundamental social and cu
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constitutions: universal suffrage,
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of political activism in general an
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political consumerism) as the consc
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“subjective political competence
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have differentiated between two typ
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For the design of an empirical part
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general, political participation sh
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mobilization capacity. As these org
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(1) Resources: Participants in elit
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Hypotheses on the aggregate level:
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To measure participation in elite-c
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authors have demonstrated how a com
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different countries and languages.
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of law, scholars became more and mo
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Table 4-1: Democratic Societies Inc
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The empirical analyses exclude soci
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Will you please place each of the l
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European Social Survey The European
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and actual participation has not na
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In a first step, the single items i
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Figure 5-1: Participation in Elite-
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increase as national income rises.
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Once again, with almost two thirds
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The societies in Europe show differ
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attack. These massive demonstration
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5.2 Trends in Elite-Challenging Act
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societies were split into English-s
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However, Figure 5-9 reveals that th
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expectancy declined (in particular
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6. Common Patterns of Complement or
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If it was true that elite-challengi
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Figure 6-1: Elite-Challenging Activ
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This conclusion is supported by the
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Table 6-2: Individual-Level Correla
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democracy alive at the very grassro
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participation in citizen action gro
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interest organizations than the one
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Figure 6-5 takes up the trend depic
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7. Down and Down We Go? Social Capi
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enough to stimulate people into act
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The European Social Survey (ESS 200
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a member of one single organization
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associations. Social activity in Eu
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tradition to assume that organizati
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Figure 7-5: Informal Networks in Eu
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Table 7-2: Individual-Level Correla
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Figure 7-6: Trust Level and Elite-C
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generalized horizontal trust also p
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Table 7-4 presents two separate reg
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Summarizing the results so far, eli
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Model 3: β 1j = γ 10 + γ 11 (Mem
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Table 7-5: Multi-Level (Hierarchica
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8. Individual Characteristics or Co
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activities over the past decades sh
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(2) Conventional Participation Poli
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Table 8-2: Binary-Logistic Regressi
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the chances to participate in elite
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able to participate in selecting th
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Figure 8-2: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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Inequality: Gini coefficient The in
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Figure 8-5: 1.0 Elite-Challenging A
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assess the formal structure of a de
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8.3 The Multilevel Model: What Dete
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well-known phenomenon in regression
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to replace the five single predicto
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The intraclass correlation coeffici
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Table 8-5: Multi-Level Model (HGLM)
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European societies only. The effect
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9. Elite-Challenging Activities and
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for both scales are derived. Accord
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in a country. Civil liberties are r
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9.1.2 Measures of Elite Integrity a
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Figure 9-4: Elite-Challenging Activ
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Table 9-1: Zero-Order and Partial C
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the ideal citizen voices his or her
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Continued: “Having democratic rul
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Table 9-3: Individual-Level Correla
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political interest is a dominant fa
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Continued: Interest in Politics (Pe
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participation in elite-challenging
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Continued: Tolerance towards foreig
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The results in Table 9-6 show that
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signing petitions. Major accounts o
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Causes of elite-challenging activit
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public behavior. The elite-challeng
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Bibliography Abramson, Paul R. (199
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Dahl, Robert D. (1971): Polyarchy:
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Dickerson, Mark and Thomas Flanagan
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Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William
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Huntington, Samuel P. (2000): Forew
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Karatnycky, Adrian (1999): The Decl
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Lenski, Gerhard E. (1954): Status C
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McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, J
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Peters, B. Guy (1998): Comparative
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Rucht, Dieter and Thomas Ohlemacher
- Page 231 and 232: Stolle, Dietlind (2001): Clubs and
- Page 233 and 234: Van Deth, Jan W. (1998a): Equivalen
- Page 235 and 236: Associations and Political Involvem
- Page 237 and 238: Checklist 1: Criteria for evaluatin
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- Page 263 and 264: Continued (2)…. Gender * Societal
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- Page 281: World Values Survey/European Values
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- Page 287 and 288: Joining in Boycotts 1981 1990 1999-
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- Page 299 and 300: Joining Unofficial Strikes 1981 199
- Page 301 and 302: Italy (n= 1348) 2,3 8,0 83,4 (n= 20
- Page 303 and 304: Venezuela (n= 1200) 2,4 6,1 87,9 Vi
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