Burma: Census of India 1901 Vol. I - Khamkoo

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— 88 REPORT ON THE CfiNSUS OF BURMA. existed between the language of the Peguans and that of the Kols of Centfal India, was by later students weighed and found wanting (though I would here observe that Captain Forbes, while scouting the idea of a " genealogical relationship " between the Kolarian and Mon-Annam languages, was forced to admit that certain affinities might be traced between them). It was Dr. Forchhammer Who was mainly instrumental in demolishing the Mon-Kol or Mon-Munda theory; This scholar, in his turn, classified Talaing linguistically with Palaung. Sir George Scott has held that linguistic evidence is entirely against this latter connection ; and has hinted that, if an affinity is to be looked for, it may possibly be found in the Hmeng or Miaotzu of South-western China. In a word the fixing of the precise relation that Talaing bears to other languages has so far largely baffled the earnest enquirer. Dr. Grierson has now gathered up the threads and given us a connected and comprehensive conception of the Mon-Annam sub-family, so far as he is acquainted with it, which shows that much of the surmise of the past is, after all, well founded. The words " Mon " and " Munda" may have no common origin. The relationship of Talaing with Palaung may at the first blush seem problematic, but Talaing and Palaung are, if the evidence of the Linguistic Survey is to be believed, remote members of the same sub-family, and Munda has certain elements in common with them. Dr. Grierson tells us that it has now been proved, hot only by vocabularies but by the internal structure of the language itself, that the Khassi of Assam is a member of the Mon-Annam family. He mentions four other groups, which will be referred to more fully hereafter, and then writes as follows ; "To sum up the considerations of the Mon-Annam sub-family. There is a remarkable agreement between the vocabularies and structures of Khassi, Mon, Khmer, and other less important languages of the same sub-family. " The resemblances between the Mon-Annam vocabularies and those, on the one hand, of the Munda languages and, on the other hand, of Nancowry and the Malacca dialects have often been pointed out. These are so remarkable and of such frequent occurrence that a connection between all these tongues cannot be doubted. The existence of such a connection must be considered as established. At the same time the structures of the two sets of speeches differ in important particulars. The Mon-Annam languages are monosyllabic. Every word consists of a single syllable. When in Khassi, for instance, we meet an apparent dissyllable, we find on examination that it is really a compound word. On the other hand the Munda, Nancowry arid Malacca languages contain many undoubted polysyllables. This is a very important point of difference, for one of the marks by which languages are classified is the fact that they are monosyllabic or polysyllabic. Again, if we take the order of words in the Munda languages and compare it with that of Khassi and Mon, we find another important distinction. The Munda order is subject, object, verb, while in Khassi and Mon it is subject, verb, object- The order of words in a sentence follows the order of thought of the speaker, so that it follows that the Mundas think in an order of ideas different from that of the Khassis and the Mons. '' Owing to the existence of these differences, we should not be justified in assuming a common origin for the Mon-Annam languages on the one hand and for the Munda, Nancowry and Malacca languages on the other. We may, however, safely assume that there is at the bottom of all these languages a common substratum, over which there have settled layers of the speeches of other peoples differing in different localities- Nevertheless, this substratum Was firmly enough established to prevent its being entirely hidden by them, and frequent undeniable traces of it are still discernible in languages spoken in widely distant tracts of nearer and further India. It will be understood how important this fact is from the point of view of ethnology." Munda is the language of the Kols. Nancowry is a dialect spoken in the Nicobars south of the Andamans. The barest glance at a map will show that the discovery of a substratum so widely distributed and at the same time so elusive is indubitably of prime importance. 1 35. To consider now the groups of the LinguisfaS UpSOf thC M6n * Annam sub " tic Survey. For convenience of reference I will call them— (1) the Lower Middle Mekong group, (2) the North Cambodian group, (3) the Khmer group, (4) the Upper Middle Mekong group, and (5) the Khassi group.
REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. 8 9 136. With the first, third and-fffth groups we have nothing to do. The lanv m„„. r ... guages and dialects comprised in them are spoken be- North Cambodian group. B
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY JOHN M.
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The original of this book is in the
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CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME X//.)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Th
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CONTENTS. HI- Para. The Chin langua
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. Take
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. furr
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. 5 In
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURJlA. f T
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— REPORT ON THECENSUS OF BURMA. n
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i i i ' I I i LOWER BURMA SHOWING S
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; REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. I
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- 3 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA.
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— 5 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA
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The REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA.
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CENSUS 1901. TOTAL AND URBAN POPULA
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. 21 f
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26 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. a
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28 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. S
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3° REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF^URMA. S
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS Of BURMA; ; 3
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' " ! ' REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BUR
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: : REPORT d.N THE CENSUS OF BURMA.
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I I K */ 7 l^\OS -f. \ \ \ \ CThAUN
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arid - policy REPORT ON THE CENSUS
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— — — 1 1 1 Report on the cen
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REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BURMA. Subs
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— APPENDIX A. Extracts from the R
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— . APPENDICES. v {e) The final t
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' APPENDICES. Y 11 The checking of
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— — — , ArPEN DICES. IX i. As
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— APPENDICES. XI not the slightes
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— —; APPENDICES. Xlll (/) The c
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APPENDICES. :*Y {k) The following f
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APPENDICES. XIX (a) Preparation of
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— APPENDICES. XXI ***** From the
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— H APPENDICES. XXI (/) The numbe
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APPENDICES. Scxv arranged that all
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— APPENDICES. ?fXWJl' (/)• The
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* APPENDICES. XXIX (b) House-number
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— APPENDICES. XXXI (c) The agency
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— APPENDICES. XXX111 and the prel
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— APPENDICES. XXX JT (b) House-nu
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— APPENDICES. XXXVll ..' (e). The
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— APPENDICES. XXXIX excellent arr
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— APPENDICES. xii tor, Charge Sup
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***** APPENDICES. xliii The totals
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APPENDICES. xh (I) Emigration and i
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, Among — APPENDICES. xlvii (b) H
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APPENDICES. xlix With some exceptio
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— APPENDICES. " In the Kodaung, p
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APPENDICES. llil ***** From Captain
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APPENDICES. Iv district to supervis
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— ; APPENDICES. Ivh Agency employ
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— Maung — Maung | Maung — APP
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— APPENDICES. lxi (d) The prelimi
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— APPENDICES. lxiii 2. (a) Non-sy
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A fPENDICfeS. hn the best places to
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— APPENDICES. lxvii States reache
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APPENDICES lxix the town completed.
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— APPENDICES. Ixxi 3. The actual
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APPENDICES. lxxiii I found the popu
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APPENDICES. lXXV From E. O. Fowler,
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— APPENDICES. Ixxvii The statemen
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APPENDICES. Appendix A—continued.
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APPENDICES. lxxxi Appendix A.—con
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APPENDICES. Ixxxiil Appendix C. Exp
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