Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration ... - europeanization

Migration and cultural diversification 117
4 For instance, for the year 1997, the turnover at the Bia¬ystok bazaar was circa 550
million Polish z¬oty, at the Warsaw bazaar it was 1.9 billion, and at the Lódź bazaar 3.4
billion (Romaniszyn 2000a: 99). Since 1998, due to the economic turbulence in Russia
and the visa requirement introduced by Polish authorities, trade at the bazaars has
radically declined.
5 It is agreed that women’s migration has intensified in the last decades which compels
some authors to assert the ‘feminisation’ of the recent international inflows. Already in
1984 there were about 3 million women in Europe born outside the frontiers of their
present country of residence.
6 This was carried out in Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, Bulgaria,
Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Byelorussia and Ukraine.
7 ‘The transformation of immigrant groups into new ethnic minorities is not inevitable.
. . . But the experience of discrimination and racism in western European countries
forced immigrants to constitute their own communities and to define their group
boundaries in cultural terms’ (Castles 1993: 28).
8 Other categories of ethnic communities distinguished by Riggs (1991: 449) are the
minority ethnic community, majority ethnic community, and dominant ethnic
community.
9 J. Habermas, Die Einbeziehung des Anderen: Studien zur politishen Theorie, Frankfurt/Main,
1996, as quoted in John Brady (1997: 8–9).
10 An interpretation offered by J. Rex as noted in Modood (1997: 16).
11 ‘Denial of equal rights constitutes a challenge for democracy, if one takes into account
also the restrictive naturalization policies, that do not allow a considerable part of the
actual population to have his voice over the public issues’ (Katrougalos 1997: 14–15).
12 It is worth noticing that such a language and way of portraying ethnic minorities was
introduced in Canada in the 1970s when the Canadian multicultural ideology and
policy was implemented.
13 As I have stated elsewhere, a patron–client relationship may well be applied to the
interpretation of the immigrant–host state relation (Romaniszyn 2002). It denotes
expectations on the part of immigrants of services from the host state, and the conviction,
on the part of the recipient country, that these expectations are to be fulfilled.
14 This is likely to happen when migration links a traditional society, with its principles
and rules, with those of a modern post-industrial one (Coleman 1994: 71).
15 The cited research was carried out in Vienna in the mid-1990s.
16 As quoted in Modood (1997: 4).
References
Ahmed, K., Hinsliff G. and Morgan, O. (2001) ‘Plan to end forced marriages’, Guardian
Weekly, 8–14 November.
Albrow, M. (1997) ‘Travelling beyond local cultures’, in J. Eade (ed.) Living the Global City:
Globalization as a Local Process, London: Routledge.
Bilsborrow, R. and Zlotnik, H. (1992) ‘Preliminary report of the United Nations Expert
Group meeting on the feminization of international migration’, International Migration
Review 26, 1.
Bjorgo, T. (1997) ‘“The invaders”, “the traitors” and “the resistance movement”: the
extreme Right’s conceptualisation of opponents and self in Scandinavia’, in T. Modood
and P. Werbner (eds) The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and
Community, London and New York: Zed Books.
Bocock, R. (1993) Consumption, London: Routledge.
Boyd, M. (1989) ‘Family and personal networks in international migration: recent
developments and new agendas’, International Migration Review 23, 3.