Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration ... - europeanization

186 Ewa Morawska
savings and about their isolation in Berlin was gathered from interviews with Grzegorz
Pawlak, Andrzej Szulczynski, and Witold Kaminski in July 2001; Der Spiegel 47, 1994;
Cyrus 1995a, 1997a, 1997b; Der Tagesspiegel, 29 October 1995, 1 June 1996; Gemende
1996; Miera 1996; Trzcielinska-Polus 2000; this author’s ethnographic research in that
city in the spring of 2002. On ethnic niches in Berlin’s services and industries and their
labour force, see Hillmann and Hedwig 1996; Hillmann 1998.
8 See W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki 1918–20; Janowska 1981; Morawska 1989;
Polonia w Niemczech, 1995.
9 Interviews with Witold Kaminski, Grzegorz Pawlak, the warden of the Polish parish in
Berlin, and Alexandra Proscewicz, the editor of Kurier Berlinski-Polonica in July 2001.
10 For the state-of-the-art discussion, supported by empirical studies, of immigrant
transnationalism, see Smith and Guarnizo 1998; Gerstle and Mollenkopf 2001. On
distinctions between post- and transnationalism and multiculturalism, see note 16 below.
11 On the persistence of these communist-era orientations see, Los 1998; Staniszkis 1999;
reportages in the weekly Polityka, 1995–2001.
12 Interviews with Andrzej Szulczynski, Witold Kaminski, and Grzegorz Pawlak in July
2001; correspondence to this author from Czarina Wilpert; also Die Tageszeitung August
1994, 9–12; Neues Deutschland 14 February 1998, 7; Kaczmarczyk 2001.
13 There are several categories of registered (legal) residence in Germany, ranging
from citizenship, then Aufenthaltsberechtigung (the next most secure status), Unbefristeten
(unlimited permit to stay), Befristeten (residence permit subject to renewal), and
Aufenthaltsbefugnis or Duldung (temporary tolerated status). According to a new law
passed in 1998 that abolished the principle of a 1913 law basing citizenship on German
blood ties, to obtain German citizenship, immigrants must document continuous
residence in Germany for no less than 10 years and give up their native citizenship
(dual citizenship is permitted in the case of the Turkish population in Germany on
the basis of bilateral agreement between the German and Turkish governments). In
practice, a number of Polish immigrants clandestinely retain double citizenship.
14 Estimates compiled from Zietkiewicz 1995; Misiak 1996; and the figures provided
to this author by Ewa Slaska, Alexandra Proscewicz, Norbert Cyrus, Andrzej
Sakson, and Janusz Marchwinski. According to all these sources there are no reliable
exact data on the occupational distribution of the Polish immigrant population in
Berlin – yet another indicator, one may argue, of this group’s marginal position in the
city.
15 The phenomena of postnationalism (denoting a shift beyond or, as it were, vertically past
or ‘post’ the traditional state/national memberships and identities toward more
encompassing ones such as universal humanity/human rights), transnationalism (identities
and engagements reaching across and linking people and institutions in
two or more nation-states), and multiculturalism (understood as either creolisation or
mixing-and-blending of cultures, or coexistence of many [sub] cultures in one society)
have each their own vast literature. While the affinity between transnationalism and
multiculturalism has been recognised in (im)migration studies, a postnationalism–
multiculturalism combination has not been elaborated theoretically and to the best of
my knowledge not empirically studied, either. For reviews of literature on these three
phenomena, see Brubaker 1996; Joppke and Morawska 2002, Introduction; on postnationalism,
see Meyer et al. 1997; on transnsationalism, see Smith and Guarnizo
1998; Vertovec and Cohen 1999.
16 Quotes from interviews with Alexandra Proscewicz and Grzegorz Pawlak in July 2001;
correspondence from Jacek Kobink.
17 The Polish term narodowy characteristically does not distinguish between national and
nationalistic.
18 Since the 1960s, trying to enmesh themselves into the Polish nation and its national
traditions, the communist regime allowed these representations in school textbooks,
film and theatre.