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German–Polish relations 143 Schieder, T. (1992) ‘Typologie und Erscheinungsformen des Nationalstaats in Europa’, in Nationalstaat und Nationalismus, Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht. Schulze, H. (1994) Staat und Nation in der europäischen Geschichte, Munich: Beck. Seton-Watson, H. (1977) Nations and States, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Smith, A. (1986) The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Smith, H.W. (1995) German Nationalism and Religious Conflict, 1870–1914, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Spohn, W. (1994) ‘Protestantism, secularization and politics in nineteenth-century Germany’, in Sabrina Ramet (ed.) Render Unto Caesar, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. —— (1995) ‘United Germany as the renewed core in Europe’, in S. Hanson and W. Spohn (eds) Can Europe Work? Germany and the Reconstruction of Postcommunist Societies, Seattle: University of Washington Press. —— (2000a) ‘The Eastern enlargement of the European Union and changes in collective identities: a Western and Eastern European comparison’, EUI working paper, Florence. —— (2000b) ‘The Eastern enlargement and the role of collective identities: a Western and Eastern European comparison’, paper presented at the European Sociological Association, Helsinki. —— (forthcoming) ‘Religion und Nationbildung: Deutschland und Polen im transnationalen Vergleich’, in Modernisierung, Religion und kollektive Identität: Deutschland zwischen West- und Osteuropa. Tazbir, J. (1994) ‘Poland’, in B. Scribner, R. Porter and M. Teich (eds) The Reformation in National Context, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thränhard, D. (1987) Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main: Neuausgabe. Tomaszewski, J. (1993) ‘The national question in Poland in the twentieth century’, in M. Teich and R. Porter (eds) The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. von Baratta, M. (ed.) (2002) Fischer Weltalmanach 2002, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. Wehler, H.-U. (1987, 1995) Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1815–1848/49 and 1849–1914, 3 vols, Munich: Beck. Winkler, H.A. (1992) ‘Im Schatten von Versailles: Das deutsch–polnische Verhältnis während der Weimarer Republik’, in E. Kobylinska, A. Lawaty and R. Stephan (eds) Deutsche und Polen: 100 Schlüsselbegriffe, Munich: Piper. —— (2001) Der lange Weg nach Westen: Deutsche Geschichte vom “Dritten Reich” bis zur Wiedervereinigung, Munich: Beck.
8 Polish identity in the process of Europeanisation* Miroslava Marody Introduction Poland was one of the first countries to begin a process of economic and political transition in the post-1989 period. The 1989 crisis of the Communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe opened the way for a re-orientation in Polish politics. When the Solidarity movement leadership came into power, it launched a policy of close cooperation with Western European institutions. The ‘return to Europe’ concept became the leitmotiv of Polish foreign policy. This term was put in quotation marks since Poles believe that they have always been an integral part of this cultural circle. The integration with Western European institutions of economic and political cooperation is connected, however, to a high social cost that must be paid whenever adoption of certain legal and economic criteria of European Union (EU) membership is involved. The benefits are said to be forthcoming, but the cost of adoption has to be paid now – as many Poles believe. This chapter focuses on the question of how the ongoing – economic and cultural – processes of European integration influence the national identity of Poles and how, in turn, the latter may influence the further processes of integration. Starting with Jacobson-Widding’s division into the ‘sameness’ and ‘distinctiveness’ aspects of identity and using data from empirical studies, the author shows how some historical processes have influenced existing features of Polish national identity and how Poles now perceive their place among other European nations. Attitudes towards Poland’s accession to the European Union In Poland public support for integration into the European Union was highest in 1996, when it reached 80 per cent. Since then we have observed a visible decline of Poles’ readiness to vote for joining the European Union. At the end of 1999 only 59 per cent of respondents declared that they would vote for Poland’s entry into the EU, if a referendum on this issue were held today (see Table 8.1). It means a fall of one quarter during the three years. And with a relatively stable percentage of those who do not have an opinion on this issue, it also means an increase in those opposing, to one quarter of the population.
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Europeanisation, National Identitie
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To Evgenios and Dionisio
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viii Contents PART II Europeanisati
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x Contributors zmiany systemowej (W
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Acknowledgements Most of the contri
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2 Anna Triandafyllidou and Willfrie
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10 Anna Triandafyllidou and Willfri
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2 The collective identity of Europe
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The collective identity of Europe 2
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Europe as translation The collectiv
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A European heritage? The collective
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The enduring character of nations I
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Illusions of European integration 3
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Democracy without demos 53 standard
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De-limitation of markets and solida
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Democracy without demos 57 Correspo
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Democracy without demos 59 direct i
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Democracy without demos 61 justice,
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Democracy without demos 63 The repr
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Democracy without demos 65 however,
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Democracy without demos 67 differen
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Democracy without demos 69 between
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Democracy without demos 71 overtime
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Democracy without demos 73 This is
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Democracy without demos 75 matters,
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Democracy without demos 77 however,
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the European democratic formation o
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Democracy without demos 81 Kowalsky
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5 Integrating immigrants and minori
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Integrating immigrants and minoriti
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Page 139 and 140: 124 Willfried Spohn populations on
Page 141 and 142: 126 Willfried Spohn ‘small-Polish
Page 143 and 144: 128 Willfried Spohn Protestant-secu
Page 145 and 146: 130 Willfried Spohn about 6 million
Page 147 and 148: 132 Willfried Spohn The reconstruct
Page 149 and 150: 134 Willfried Spohn created an open
Page 151 and 152: 136 Willfried Spohn and core-periph
Page 153 and 154: 138 Willfried Spohn with nationalis
Page 155 and 156: 140 Willfried Spohn The consequence
Page 157: 142 Willfried Spohn Evans, R. (1982
Page 161 and 162: 146 Miroslava Marody at the time of
Page 163 and 164: 148 Miroslava Marody Table 8.4 Chan
Page 165 and 166: 150 Miroslava Marody years, in publ
Page 167 and 168: 152 Miroslava Marody One could say,
Page 169 and 170: 154 Erhard Stölting thought since
Page 171 and 172: 156 Erhard Stölting encompassed th
Page 173 and 174: 158 Erhard Stölting violations in
Page 175 and 176: 160 Erhard Stölting remained a top
Page 177 and 178: 162 Erhard Stölting In general, th
Page 179 and 180: 164 Erhard Stölting Even before th
Page 181 and 182: 166 Erhard Stölting Berdiaev, N. (
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Page 187 and 188: 172 Ewa Morawska 2001; Rajkiewicz 2
Page 189 and 190: 174 Ewa Morawska These are sociolog
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Page 197 and 198: 182 Ewa Morawska immigrant business
Page 199 and 200: 184 Ewa Morawska Appendix I Factors
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Page 203 and 204: 188 Ewa Morawska —— (1996) Nati
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194 Norbert Cyrus which are most af
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196 Norbert Cyrus 8 Another trend d
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198 Norbert Cyrus The differentiati
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200 Norbert Cyrus 3 Most of all, se
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202 Norbert Cyrus demands of our ex
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204 Norbert Cyrus employment of wor
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206 Norbert Cyrus number of contrac
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208 Norbert Cyrus enacted that enab
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210 Norbert Cyrus He really cannot
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212 Norbert Cyrus collective memory
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214 Norbert Cyrus increasing xenoph
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216 Norbert Cyrus would fit the tra
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218 Norbert Cyrus while in reality
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220 Norbert Cyrus —— (2001a)
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222 Norbert Cyrus Meister, H.-P. (1
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224 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik • c
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226 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik The q
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228 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik The u
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230 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik The i
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232 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik 200 1
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234 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik 100 8
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236 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik natio
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238 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik commi
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240 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik On th
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242 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik studi
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244 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik —
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246 Index constitutional regime, id
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248 Index Krawat, K. 176, 178 Kried
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250 Index theoretical framework, th
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