Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration ... - europeanization

242 Judit Tóth and Endre Sik
studies with politicians (both in Hungary and in the ethnic Hungarian community
across the Hungarian border) deeply involved with Diaspora politics.
4 Similarly, a Chinese identity is the only characteristic of the Chinese Diaspora,
whereas the Chinese of China will far sooner identify with a particular province. The
power of a ‘Pan-Chinese’ identity stems partly form the ‘lowest common denominator’
and partly a product of China’s Diaspora-policies (Nyiri 2001). Further, this is the
identity-element which is meaningful for the foreigner, which is why it provides the
individual living in Diaspora with a ‘usable’ identity.
5 Constitution, para 6 (3), enacted by Act XXXI of 1989, para 2, in force as of 23
October 1989.
6 Government Decree No. 90/1992, 29 May 1992, replacing the Secretariat of
Hungarians Across the Borders inside the Prime Minister’s Office.
7 Parliamentary Resolution No. 26 of 1999, 26 March.
8 Government Resolution No. 1079 of 1999, 7 July.
9 Act No. LXII of 2001, which entered into force on 1 January 2002.
10 The frontier along the Hungarian–Romanian border depends on how and when
Romania could be removed from the common list of countries requiring a visa, in
accordance with the EU’s requirements (500PC0027 document of the Commission,
issued on 28 February 2000).
11 See the Conference report with recommendations on the reshaping of Europe’s
borders: Challenges for EU and External Policy (Centre for European Policy Studies –
Sitra Foundation and Stefan Bathory Foundation, Brussels, 6/7 July 2001: New
European Borders and Security Cooperation – Promoting Trust in an Enlarged
Union).
12 ‘The Republic of Hungary, in order to ensure the maintenance of permanent contacts,
provide for the accessibility of benefits and supports defined in this Act, ensure
undisturbed cultural, economic and family relations, ensure the free movement of
persons and the free flow of ideas, and taking into account her international legal
obligations, shall provide for the most benefited [favoured] treatment in the given
circumstances that are possible with regard to the entry and stay on its territory for the
persons falling within the scope of this Act’ (Article 3).
13 Letter exchange between Mr Zsolt Német and Mr Joszef Krasznai (Deputy leader of
the Roma Parliament) Annex No. 3 to Paper Containing the Position of the Hungarian
Government in relation to the Act on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries
(Budapest, 2001).
14 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission),
Strasbourg, 22 October 2001 (CDL-INF (2001) 19) ‘Report on the preferential
treatment of national minorities by their kin-state’ adopted by the Venice Commission
at its 48th Plenary Meeting (Venice, 19/20 October 2001).
References
Bárdi, N. (2000) ‘Cleavages in cross-border Magyar minority politics 1989–1998’, Regio
(Minorities, Politics, Society), Budapest: Teleki L. Institute, Centre of Central European
Studies, 3–36.
Béla, B. K. (1999) ‘Válasszunk magunknak új identitást’, Erdélyi Hívogató, 2, 1: 1–2.
Bíró, A. Z. (1992) ‘A regionális identitáskialakításának néhány vonásáról’, Régió 3, 4: 61–71.
—— (1994) ‘Adalékok a vándorló ember ikonográfiájához’, in E. Sik and J. Tóth (eds)
Jönnek?Mennek?Maradnak?, Budapest: MTA PTI.
—— (1996) ‘Egyéni és kollektív identitás a kilépési gyakorlatban’, in J. Bodó (ed.)
Elvándorlók? Vendégmunka és életforma a Székelyföldön, Csíkszereda: KAM, Pro-Print Kiadó.
—— (1998) Stratégiák vagy kényszerpályák?, Csíkszereda: KAM, Pro-Print Kiadó.