Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration ... - europeanization

Polish (im)migrants in Berlin 187
19 This and the following information about the circumstances contributing to Polish immigrants’
trudna polskosc comes from my interviews with Alexandra Proscewicz, Grzegorz
Pawlak and Andrzej Szulczynski in July 2001, content-analysis of Kurier Berlinski
1997–2001, from sociological studies of Polish immigrants in Berlin of Wladyslaw Misiak
1995a and Andrzej Sakson 2000, and from my correspondence with these authors.
Specifically on prejudice toward and discrimination against Polish residents by Germans,
see Kaminski 1995; Meister 1995; Misiak 1995b; Kiwerska 2000; Sakson 2000; Scheven
2000; on the recent rise of xenophobia in German society, see del Fabbro 1995; Rea
1998; Schmidtke 2001.
20 Only three groups: Schlezwig Danes, East Frisians, and Lemkian Serbs have the
official minority group status in Germany. The Polish group in Germany partially
blames the government of the Polish Republic for giving too many privileges to the
German minority in Poland and neglecting the rights of Poles in Germany.
21 Repeated attempts to form one umbrella Polish organisation in Germany, required by
the German law for negotiations regarding state subsidies for ethnic activities, have
failed because of the refusal of some Polish organisations to join such a body.
22 Quote from the interview with Witold Kaminski, July 2001.
23 The metaphor of a turtle comes from Sakson 2000.
24 CBOS reports 1993–2001.
25 Interview with Andrzej Szulczynski, July 2001.
26 Information from interviews with Grzegorz Pawlak and Andrzej Szulczynski in July
2001; correspondence to this author from Jacek Kobink, Bogdan Slaski and Jacek
Barelkowski.
27 Quotes from interviews with Jacek Barelkowski and Andrzej Szulczynski in July 2001;
correspondence to this author from Jacek Kobink; on the phenomenon of ‘incomplete
migration’ represented by such back-and-forth cross-border travellers, see Okólski
1998.
28 It should be noted, however, that Woycicki’s conclusion is based on interviews with a
sample representatives of all post-war ‘waves’ of Polish immigration to Germany
(1956–7 through to the 1980s) – Kazimierz Woycicki’s communication to this author,
September 2001.
29 Quotes from interviews with Jacek Kobink and Bogdan Slaski.
30 The macro- and macro-level factors in immigrants’ home and host countries and their
individual characteristics that on the basis of my preliminary study can be identified as
directly and indirectly shaping these identities are listed in Appendix I.
31 See note 16 above for the usual understanding of the concept of transnationalism (as
distinct from other forms of extra-territorial involvements) in the literature of the
subject and for the bibliographic references to studies thereon.
32 For recent exceptions to this tendency that may signal a ‘turn’ toward simultaneous
treatment of these two phenomena, see Hollinger 1995; Smith 1997; Waters 1999;
Pessar and Graham forthcoming.
References
Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism,
London: Verso.
Bade, K. (1995) ‘From emigration to immigration: the German experience in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries’, Central European History 28, 3: 507–35.
Barcz, J. (1995) ‘Sytuacja prawna Polakow w Niemczech w swietle Traktatu z z 17 czerwca
1991 roku i prawa krajowego RFN’, Panstwo i Prawo, No. 5.
Brubaker, R (1992) Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.