Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 4: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS non-compliance with standards, or for operating outside the levels specified in the operating permit. A general classification of fees and fines can be drawn as follows : Emission fees: direct payments based on measurements or estimates of the quantity and quality of pollutant discharged; User charges: payments for the cost of collective services, are primarily used as a financing device by local authorities, e.g. for the collection and/or treatment of solid waste or sewage water; Non-compliance fines: payments imposed on polluters who do not comply with environmental requirements and regulations. Possible bases for fees and fines include: • Measured or estimated emissions to air; • Measured or estimated emissions to water; • Energy products (used for transport purposes or for stationary purposes); • Transport (annual vehicle registration taxes; vehicle sales taxes); • Waste-water discharges (measured or estimated); • Agricultural inputs (fertilizers; pesticides); • Waste: general waste collection and treatment (user charges); individual products (packaging materials, batteries, tyres, lubricant oils, etc.); • Ozone depleting substances (CFCs, halons); EXAMPLE Waste-water fee in Mexico Mexico first established a fee on effluent discharge in 1991 in order to reduce pollution and encourage enterprises to take quality control measures. The charges per cubic metre of effluent vary with location; a similar initiative is being implemented in Colombia and Uruguay. An interesting variation of the fees are performance bonds. Performance bonds are payments made to authorities in expectation of compliance with environmental requirements. The bonds are refunded when compliance is achieved. A number of countries also collect charges for the exploitation of certain resources, especially in the mining sector and activities involving the extraction of construction materials. http://www.oecd.org/EN/document/0,,EN-document-471-14-no-1-3016-471,00.htm1 PAGE 96
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 4: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS Grants, subsidies and financial assistance for CP There are a number of economic instruments that can facilitate the implementation of CP projects. Grants and subsidies for CP assessment and/or implementation can offer an incentive to the producer to determine options for CP and to make improvements to the process when the required changes may not yet have proven profitable in a particular industrial sector or region. Financial subsidies, for example in the form of low-interest loans, direct grants or preferential tax treatment, can target specific industries in order to stimulate technological development. Soft loans (subsidized interest payments) for CP investments will encourage the producer, particularly the small and medium enterprise, to introduce changes in process or operation that can contribute to CP. SMEs are often family enterprises and, for various reasons, do not maintain huge assets in the name of the company. Consequently, they have difficulty accessing conventional loan facilities that require collateral. Special loan facilities that recognize the needs of SMEs as well as the competitive advantage of investments in CP (that may not show a corresponding increase in net assets) may facilitate investment for the introduction of changes in favour of CP. Accelerated depreciation is a preferential tax facility offering companies the opportunity to apply accelerated depreciation on environmentally friendly operating assets. This provides an attractive liquidity and interest gain for these companies, since accelerated depreciation permits larger tax deductions in early years. Last but not least, assistance may be provided for the preparation of bankable projects. One of the common complaints of companies is that banks are not willing to give loans for CP, while the banks maintain that the quality of applications (technical and financing proposals) is low. This presents an acute problem for many SMEs, where a lack of financial skills prevents many interested companies from developing the type of business proposal necessary to access a loan. One solution is a loan fund for project proposal preparation as a revolving fund, with loans for failed proposals written off but those for successful proposals repaid to the fund from the resulting loan proceeds. EXAMPLE The Mexican Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FUNTEC) has, for the last three years, been providing financial engineering and loans to small and medium companies implementing CP programmes. More than 40 small and medium companies received technical assistance and loans up to 80 per cent of the project cost. The financing is provided through the Pollution Prevention Fund (FIPREV). Fiscal tools successfully used in Latin America include reforestation subsidies that were first implemented in Brazil and Chile at the beginning of the eighties. PAGE 97
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Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

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