Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 1: INTRODUCING CP SLIDE: Evolution of approach to environmental protection • No action and/or lack of recognition for the problem until mid-20th century • Dispersion/“solution by dilution” (the 1960s) • End-of-pipe treatment (the 1970s) • Recycling and energy recovery (the 1980s) • Cleaner production and preventive measures (the 1990s) • In the future: dematerialization? Industrial ecology? This slide presents a short overview of how the approach to environmental protection has evolved over the years. The goal is to track its evolution, from the lack of pollution control, to CP and preventive measures. At this point, it may also be useful to highlight the difference between end-of-pipe pollution control and CP and the preventive approach. Background Industry continues to be a major cause of environmental problems, both globally and locally. It has a strong influence on both the local environmental situation and quality of life. In recent years, the serious impact of municipal operations on the state of local environment has attracted attention. Over the past decades, the industrialized nations have responded to pollution and environmental degradation in five characteristic ways: 1. By not recognizing—or ignoring—the problem of environmental pollution; 2. By diluting or dispersing pollution, so that its effects are less harmful or apparent; 3. By seeking to control pollution and wastes (the end-of-pipe or pollution control approach); 4. By trying to develop and improve environmental technology that will help close the loops in material flow streams during the production process, and facilitate reuse and recycling, and 5. Most recently, by implementing Cleaner Production through the prevention of pollution and waste generation at source. In the past, command and control methods were widely used by environmental agencies until their disadvantages became apparent. Traditional pollution control solutions proved less effective than they initially appeared, and there came a point beyond which further requirements became prohibitively expensive. More often than not, end-of-pipe technology simply shifted waste or pollutants from one environmental medium to another, as in the case of air and water pollution control devices that produced concentrated hazardous waste for leaking landfills. The most significant disadvantages of the command and control method is that firstly, it does not allow companies to explore other, cheaper ways to reduce pollution, and secondly that enforcement is both complicated and expensive because of the need for a strong and qualified administration. All in all, pollution control approaches of the 1970s and 1980s were no longer sufficient, and a new more flexible approach, had to be put in place that allowed creative solutions to be developed jointly by industry, government and environmentalists. In the mid-eighties, two new methods, the recycling of waste and energy recovery came into common use, alongside the traditional pollution control approach. By the end of the decade, the common-sense concepts of resource conservation, risk reduction and pollution prevention became widely accepted by both governments and industry. The United States of America passed a Pollution Prevention Act in PAGE 6
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 1: INTRODUCING CP 1990, requiring companies to detail their efforts to reduce pollution. During the same period, the first efforts were undertaken to transfer the United States-dominated experience with industrial pollution prevention to Europe. Most notable were the Swedish Landskrona project and the Netherlands’ PRISMA project. Both projects succeeded in creating successful business examples of the implementation of pollution prevention, and in turn triggered a series of pollution prevention projects in other European countries. There was an intellectual shift from the question of what to do with pollution to the question of why pollution is generated and how it can be prevented. Since the beginning of the nineties, the concepts of Cleaner Production, pollution prevention, waste minimization and ecoefficiency have been gradually gaining popularity and acceptance. The sequence of ‘ignore, dilute, control, improve processing and prevent generation’ culminated in an activity that combines maximum positive effects on the environment with economic savings both for industry and society. As far as the near future is concerned, a number of new concepts are emerging, such as industrial ecology, factor 4 (producing twice the input with half the resources), factor 10 and zero emissions initiatives. Other new trends include integrated product policies, the wider use of the life-cycle approach and a focus on dematerialization and substitution. Industrial ecology and industrial metabolism represent new patterns of industrial production and are closely related to the concept of Cleaner Production. They involve the study of industrial systems and economic activities and their links to fundamental environmental systems, with a view to imitating the material recycling aspect of an ecosystem. Material flow management is crucial to these approaches. One of the most important goals of industrial ecology is to transform one industry’s waste into another industry’s raw material. This can be achieved through eco-industrial parks, or as a response to the Zero Emissions Research Initiative in Japan, as well as many other ways. EXERCISE The session begins with an introduction of participants. Invite participants to introduce themselves one by one, to describe their personal experience with CP and to explain both the interest and involvement of their own institution in CP policy development. If the meeting is an interactive session, this introduction can be used as an icebreaker, where participants are divided into pairs, with each one introducing the other person. PAGE 7
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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY—APPROACH
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