Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 5: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) approach is currently being applied in the European Union. The 1996 IPPC directive focuses on the integrated control of environmental emissions, for all environmental media, rather than on regulating individual media problems. It simultaneously aims to reduce natural resource and energy use, exposure to hazardous substances and releases of pollutants by economic activities. Perhaps the most important feature of the IPPC approach is that the emission standards are based on best available techniques, not necessarily originating from the EU itself. Interestingly, the regulator does not force industry to employ a specific technology; however, the plant should meet emission limit values based on current best practice. The IPPC directive therefore stimulates innovation and promotes economic progress with reduced consumption and pollution. To date, implementation of IPPC has generally been associated with the firm-level adoption of so-called integrated permits. EXAMPLE Information materials on Best Available Techniques (BAT) under the IPPC approach Under the IPPC directive, specific processes in industry should comply with emission limit values based on the application of available state-of-the-art equipment and practices. To help industry meet its obligations, sector-specific documents (known as BREFs) present Best Available Techniques applicable in the sector, and provide guidance both to industry and to the regulator concerning stateof-the art environmental measures. The BATs and the BREFs are published by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) located in Seville, Spain, after being drafted by sectoral expert working groups. http://eippcb.jrc.es Another interesting trend is the current focus on minimizing the environmental impact of products through supply chain management. In this case, producers of goods and services require suppliers and subcontractors to document their environmental performance as a prerequisite for continued business. This is particularly common in the case of the ISO 14001 standard, where certified companies agree to continue business with their suppliers on the condition that they obtain the necessary certificate within a specified period of time. SLIDE: Municipal and local-level CP programmes • Large number of existing municipal programmes on CP, EMS and Local Agenda 21; • Physical proximity of players—regulators, industry and local residents; • Advantage: easier to develop a programme of interest supported by the entire local community; • Overview of benefits from the sound use of municipal resources. In this slide, demonstrate that there already exist various CP and preventive environmental programmes that focus on a municipal level. You may want to note that several international organizations are involved in promoting locallevel programmes, and that in Latin America some municipalities have already achieved an impressive success. PAGE 116
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 5: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS Background Most CP projects have traditionally been organized at the level of individual enterprises and are implemented as a company-specific initiative. In recent years, however, there has been a trend towards environmental and CP programmes related to municipal environmental management (i.e. focusing on environmental impacts of municipal operations). Frequently, such programmes are presented as initiatives to promote the sound use of municipal resources, and are organized with the Local Agenda 21 in mind. In addition to helping reduce some key issues of concern for municipal authorities (e.g. waste collection and landfill management, or the provision of a safe and reliable supply of drinking water), the key advantage of a municipal CP project is the physical proximity of key stakeholders. Those stakeholders—local industry, authorities and regulatory agencies, and the public—are directly affected by the environmental situation in their area. This proximity makes it easier to mobilize the interest of the actors and to develop a programme supported by a whole community. Some municipalities have developed regional CP programmes, although, most commonly this takes the form of organizing joint waste collection and minimization efforts for several settlements sharing a landfill. Another approach includes the establishment of eco-industrial parks where individual organizations can share pollution prevention infrastructure, and where industrial ecology is tested and implemented. Additionally, there are CP programmes that involve several companies from the same municipality (cluster of companies), with the local government participating as a player. A good example of this approach is the Austrian ECOPROFIT model, presented in the following section. Benefits of a local CP programme From the perspective of a municipal authority, the implementation of a comprehensive CP/environmental management programme can bring many of the following benefits: • Savings of money, natural resources and energy; • Improved compliance with environmental regulations; • Better relationship with the local community; • Extended life of landfills; • Reduced pollution and environmental hazards; • Good publicity. Developing a sound municipal environmental programme is doubtless a time-consuming and complex process involving political and social equity issues, in addition to technical considerations. Fortunately, there have already been numerous positive experiences in this field worldwide to serve as an example. http://www.rec.org/REC/Publications/LEAP_Guide/default.html PAGE 117
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