Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

More documents

Recommendations

Info

DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 3: CP POLICY DEVELOPMENT CYCLE SLIDE: Common barriers to CP policy development/2 • Little integration of CP with other relevant policies; • “Not-in-my-term-of-office” syndrome; • Limited in-country capacity and resources for CP policy development; • Technical focus of most Cleaner Production Centres; • Difficulty in defining what CP is and what it is not, and in measuring the results of CP. With these two sides, show the factors likely to hamper policy development. They are not the same as the barriers to CP implementation in companies. You may want to compare these barriers with the conditions necessary for CP policy development, discussed at the beginning of module 3. Background Cleaner Production often fails to be implemented as a result of human factors rather than technical problems. The traditional end-of-pipe approach is well known and accepted by industry and the engineering sector. Existing government policies and regulations often favour end-of-pipe solutions, which are easier to administer. However, the barriers to CP policy development are somewhat different than the obstacles faced when trying to implement CP in industry. 1. Low environmental awareness and regulatory pressure Governments tend to focus on economic and social issues, and in practical terms their commitment to environmental matters may be limited. Moreover, the regulatory framework is often insufficient and enforcement weak. This can lead to a culture of non-compliance in industry, especially if much of industry is state-owned; 2. Lack of public pressure on industry and government Even though there is a recent increase in environmental awareness, there are few practical mechanisms that enable the public to put pressure on industrial enterprises to improve their environmental performance. Consumer demand for “greener” goods is also limited. Lastly, there is often a lack of political will in the Government or the parliament to get involved in the process, or even negative lobbying on the part of industrial interest groups; 3. The relationship between the main stakeholders The Government, the business sector and civil society may still be at an early stage, often characterized by a lack of dialogue or consultation when preparing policies, and confrontational approaches when faced with a controversial issue. Similarly, there may be a lack of coordination between government departments. There are generally several government agencies with a direct stake in CP implementation, but their activities may not be internally coordinated and it is not uncommon for various ministries to pursue their own projects separately. Those developing CP policy may have to contend with inter-institutional tensions and the adversarial attitudes of different players; PAGE 80
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 3: CP POLICY DEVELOPMENT CYCLE 4. Low level of CP awareness among decision makers Save for a few countries, limited work has been undertaken to raise awareness of CP among policy makers, while industry regards pollution as a necessary evil and believes that pollution prevention always entails costs. In practice, CP is still not the preferred environmental management approach, and the pollution control mindset predominates in environmental planning and decision-making. A great many decision makers were taught that the end-of-pipe approach is the best and technically safest solution, and consequently, consider preventive approaches to be high-risk concepts. 5. Environmental regulations do not promote CP and preventive measures Regulations and policies are often limited or inconsistent, or when they exist, they are largely based on the command-and-control approach, which tends to promote end-of-pipe solutions. Enforcement tends to be limited, except when there are public complaints. 6. Limited integration of CP with other relevant policies Cleaner Production is almost always seen as a technical solution to environmental problems. Integration of the competitive aspect of CP in relevant industrial, trade promotion and fiscal policies (mainstreaming) is rare. In the past, most CP projects were organized as stand-alone activities, and little success was achieved in including CP in other relevant business services such as business development training, skill development training, technology management, quality management and sector-specific assistance. 7. “Not-in-my-term-of-office” syndrome—and focus on short-term goals Many politicians and government officials tend to plan their activities for a time-span not exceeding four to five years, which generally represents their term of office. During an election year or changes in government, any work on policy development normally slows down. 8. Limited in-country capacity and resources for CP policy development This includes the lack of technical CP knowledge among political decision makers and persons with experience in policy development and conversely, the lack of policy development experience of CP professionals. Financial resources may also be in short supply for organizing policy development. 9. Technical focus of most Cleaner Production Centres Historically, the main priority of CP Centres has been to implement CP demonstration projects in enterprises to create a credible project portfolio, to build the technical capacity of CP consultants and to carry out dissemination and promotion activities. As a result, most of the work has focused on industry and on CP consultants. Many CP Centres have had little to offer individuals and organizations involved in policy-making and their credibility as policy players has not yet been firmly established. 10. Difficulty in measuring results of CP and cost-benefit analysis, combined with problems in defining what is, and what is not, CP Savings achieved through the implementation of CP are difficult to quantify. On the microeconomic level, most enterprises do not have a material tracking or accounting system that would allow the control and valuation of inputs and outputs. This can also lead to problems in demonstrating positive returns on investments made in CP. On the macroeconomic level, changes in the economic development rate will influence the rate of pollution generation, which is PAGE 81
Page 1 and 2:
Manual on the Deve
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents: BACKGROUND AND I
Page 5 and 6:
Background and Introduction The cor
Page 7 and 8:
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY INTRODUCTI
Page 9 and 10:
••• MODULE 1 1 hour INTRODUC
Page 11 and 12:
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 1:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
••• MODULE 2 1 hour BASICS O
Page 33 and 34: DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 2:
Page 83: DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 3:
Page 87 and 88: █ █ █ MODULE 4 2 hours POLIC
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141:
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY—APPROACH
show all

Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?