Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 4: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS or the possible approaches to their solution. Information-based strategies are instruments used to fill in the knowledge gap. Instead of—or in addition to—prohibiting or restricting polluting activities, policy makers may choose to provide the public with information about environmental risks posed by certain pollutants, provide [the industry] with technical information on preventing pollution and/or to educate the consumer on environmental hazards or the characteristics of specific products. The underlying assumption behind information-based policies is that actors may not take the optimum or even correct decisions, because they simply do not have sufficient information about available options. Two general directions can be distinguished as regards promoting CP information: 1. Technical assistance provided or financed by the Government or by CP centres can assist companies through training, pilot projects for technology transfer, studies of life-cycle impacts, information dissemination, environmental audits, assistance in obtaining environmental certification, etc.; 2. Information policy is proving to be an increasingly important instrument, aimed at the general public. The mandatory release of plant-level pollution data can generate market-driven changes in the behaviour of polluting firms. Similarly, the dissemination of information on CP options can build up market pressure on polluting companies. Some specific examples of information-based strategies that may be introduced by government include: (a) Promoting the adoption of targeted, high-profile demonstration projects, to illustrate the techniques and cost-saving opportunities associated with Cleaner Production; (b) Requiring public disclosure of information on environmental performance by, for example, establishing a pollutant release and transfer register, stimulating greater voluntary corporate reporting, and requiring the provision of information on specific materials; (c) Initiating and/or supporting measures that address consumption, such as eco-labelling schemes and environmental product declarations; (d) Promoting the adoption of effective training initiatives; (e) Encouraging educational institutions to incorporate preventive environmental management in their curricula, particularly within engineering and business courses; (f) Issuing high-profile awards for enterprises that have effectively implemented Cleaner Production. Establishing a national CPC programme National and local governments may establish formal Cleaner Production strategies or programmes in order to act as a framework for the coordinated implementation of subsequent, more specific, policy instruments. While the UNIDO/UNEP National Cleaner Production Centre Programme is one of the best known, the national CP programme of Chile is an interesting example of a nationwide effort to promote CP. PAGE 104
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 4: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS EXAMPLE Cleaner Production in Chile Chile’s Cleaner Production policy, dating from September 1997, was designed by the Ministry of Economy to encourage competitiveness and good environmental management in business, support environmental preventive actions and develop Cleaner Production processes, including a more efficient use of energy and water. The national CP programme is currently a multi-stakeholder interinstitutional effort coordinated by the National Council on CP. The recently published Policy to Support CP 2001-2005 builds on the 1997-2000 policy plan; its objectives include promoting publicprivate partnerships, simplifying and developing mechanisms in the existing regulatory framework to implement CP, education and capacity-building, and creating market-driven demand for CP. http://www.pl.cl/index.html The United States introduced a comprehensive system to promote CP on all levels of government. The EPA promotes pollution prevention through: voluntary pollution reduction programmes; technical assistance; funding demonstration projects; and incorporating cost-effective pollution prevention alternatives into regulations and other incentives. http://es.epa.gov/cooperative/international/ Waste prevention targets Target setting has featured predominantly in efforts to promote environmental improvements. Especially when it relates to waste minimization, target setting has been an important element of attempts to improve national-level recycling and to reduce the disposal of particular waste streams. Strategic target setting, and the cost/benefit analysis it entails, provides a way for policy makers to decide if a possible CP or pollution prevention programme is likely to be sufficiently attractive to warrant further consideration. EXAMPLE Waste minimization targets in the United States The United States Waste Minimization National Plan is a voluntary programme of which the major goal is the reduction of hazardous waste. It focuses on reducing certain chemicals in wastes rather than the wastes as a whole. Its targets are to reduce the amount and toxicity of the most persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic constituents by 25 per cent by 2000, and by 50 per cent by 2005. For more information: http://www.epa.gov/wastemin PAGE 105
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