Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido
Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido
Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido
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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY<br />
MODULE 4: POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS<br />
In Latin America, some progress has also been made as a result <strong>of</strong> voluntary agreements. Examples are<br />
<strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee entrepreneurs in Costa Rica and <strong>the</strong> programme <strong>of</strong> alcohol additi<strong>on</strong> to gasoline in Brazil,<br />
dem<strong>on</strong>strating that strict regulati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> resource use may not be <strong>the</strong> most efficient way <strong>of</strong> fostering<br />
technological change.<br />
EXAMPLE<br />
Voluntary agreements and greenhouse gases<br />
Voluntary acti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> industry, Governments and organizati<strong>on</strong>s are achieving small, but<br />
measurable reducti<strong>on</strong>s in <strong>the</strong> emissi<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> greenhouse gases. The 2001 studies presented by <strong>the</strong> World<br />
Energy Council and UNEP indicate that <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> new clean energy schemes, government<br />
initiatives and renewable energy projects will save each year <strong>the</strong> equivalent <strong>of</strong> 1 billi<strong>on</strong> t<strong>on</strong>s <strong>of</strong> carb<strong>on</strong><br />
dioxide up until <strong>the</strong> year 2005. This saving is <strong>the</strong> equivalent <strong>of</strong> more than 3 per cent in greenhouse<br />
gases emitted in 2000.<br />
http://cleanerproducti<strong>on</strong>.curtin.edu.au/<br />
Public educati<strong>on</strong> campaigns<br />
Public educati<strong>on</strong> campaigns have traditi<strong>on</strong>ally focused <strong>on</strong> general envir<strong>on</strong>mental awareness. However,<br />
recently an increasing number <strong>of</strong> major educati<strong>on</strong>al campaigns are held <strong>on</strong> reducing waste generati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
promoting recycling and <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> n<strong>on</strong>-polluting products. In Latin America, more and more<br />
initiatives are promoting <strong>the</strong> efficient use <strong>of</strong> energy and water, e.g. radio spots <strong>on</strong> energy savings in<br />
Costa Rica.<br />
While many initiatives c<strong>on</strong>tinue to use <strong>the</strong> traditi<strong>on</strong>al media (books, flyers, media <strong>of</strong> communicati<strong>on</strong>),<br />
more and more resources are available <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Internet.<br />
http://dmoz.org/Science/Envir<strong>on</strong>ment/Polluti<strong>on</strong>_Preventi<strong>on</strong>_and_Recycling/<br />
SLIDE: Avoid barriers created by new policy instruments<br />
Envir<strong>on</strong>mental policy instruments supporting end-<strong>of</strong>-pipe measures can<br />
sometimes work against CP and <strong>the</strong> preventive approach.<br />
Example: tax write-<strong>of</strong>fs, or financial support for envir<strong>on</strong>mental measures<br />
tend to promote “traditi<strong>on</strong>al” end-<strong>of</strong>-pipe c<strong>on</strong>trol measures.<br />
<br />
In this slide, note that <strong>the</strong>re is a potential risk with some envir<strong>on</strong>mental policy<br />
instruments insomuch as <strong>the</strong>y are geared to support end-<strong>of</strong>-pipe instruments<br />
and may work against <strong>the</strong> preventive approach. Ec<strong>on</strong>omic instruments, in<br />
particular, must be carefully examined to ensure that <strong>the</strong>y do not directly or<br />
indirectly discourage investments in <strong>Cleaner</strong> Producti<strong>on</strong> and technology<br />
modernizati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Background<br />
Envir<strong>on</strong>mental policy instruments such as financial subsidies (low-interest loans, direct grants, or<br />
preferential tax treatment etc.), can be targeted to specific industries in order to stimulate technological<br />
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