Manual on the Development of Cleaner Production Policies ... - Unido

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DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 3: CP POLICY DEVELOPMENT CYCLE EXERCISE This exercise can help analyse the existing system. Participants are divided into groups of six; ideally, each group should include a person familiar with policy development or at least with the legal framework. An existing regulation or policy, relevant to CP, is selected and the participants are provided with a one-page summary of the programme, so that they can become familiar with the basis mechanisms. Each group will then: 1. Analyse the regulation’s or policy’s main goals, and how these goals are met; 2. Discuss if there are any unwanted effects, i.e., the regulation acts against the general concerns of society, such as employment, health conditions, resource and material use, etc.; 3. Analyse how CP could help to better meet the objective of the regulation under discussion, and the goals of society; and 4. Identify the opportunities and obstacles in the existing text that will help or hinder the integration of CP. SLIDE: Build consensus and a common goal • Stakeholders have different interests and needs; • A consensus should be reached on the methods of work, and a compromise should be sought to resolve various issues; • A common goal should be identified for the whole group; • The initial focus is on goals and objectives. Concentration on mechanisms or instruments comes at a later stage. In this slide, note that policy development often involves stakeholders with conflicting goals and interests. To ensure that the process proceeds as smoothly as possible, the group should reach consensus on the method of work and establish a common goal. You may wish to suggest that it is a good practice to concentrate initially on identifying the issues that need to be addressed, rather than to try to seek solutions right away. Background Implementing Cleaner Production requires reducing the intensity of use of natural resources and decreasing the quantity and environmental impacts of wastes generated by the production process. Building trust is an important prerequisite. The traditional command-and-control approach tends to emphasize the conflictual aspects of the situation, but in this respect CP has proved successful in creating trust between the public and private sectors. The achievement of CP is a complex and difficult goal, demanding a compromise among conflicting interests and objectives, and the harmonization of the policies of many different sectors of government and the economy. The policy development group will consist of stakeholders from different sectors, some with divergent objectives or expectations. This is a natural part of the process. The group will need to carry out—or at least take part in—many tasks: assess priorities and focus areas; evaluate the feasibility of alternatives; establish realistic objectives and quantitative targets; create cost-effective and financially feasible implementation plans; monitor and regulate pollution from industrial clusters or regions; and conduct periodic policy reviews and updates. Adversarial attitudes and a lack of cooperation in developing policies do not work well over a sustained period. To ensure that the representatives of the various participating sectors cooperate PAGE 64
DEVELOPMENT OF CP POLICY MODULE 3: CP POLICY DEVELOPMENT CYCLE rather than compete, it is crucial to emphasize, at an early stage, the importance of building consensus and identifying a common goal. Consensus may refer to the method of work, for instance commitment that the points of view of the various stakeholders will be taken into account, or that the private sector should be consulted when preparing the strategy and the action plan. It may also imply an understanding that each member of the group will be responsible for collecting the comments and suggestions of their “home” organizations. Another agreed principle could be that the work will start with identifying priorities that need to be addressed, rather than focusing right from the beginning on the mechanisms to solve an issue or on the availability of financial resources. The reason is that even if, at a given moment, there are no funds or a responsible institution cannot be named, the issue should be retained on the agenda, rather than removed simply because it is not clear how, or by whom, it should be addressed. Finally, the group may want to stress the need to build partnerships for CP promotion (e.g. businessgovernment, local government-educational institutions, etc.). Negotiated solutions have often been shown to work better than enforced solutions, as they create a higher degree of motivation to implement cleaner production methods. The private sector would generally be represented at such negotiations by industrial organizations. Identifying a common goal will help to ensure that the group works in the same direction, and that all actors have an interest in contributing to the work. An important key to establishing a common goal and consensus is for the Government to proclaim Cleaner Production a national priority. Several countries have already done this. The United States Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, for example, states that “The Congress hereby declares it to be the national policy of the United States that pollution should be prevented or reduced at source wherever feasible … ”. EXERCISE This is a role play on the resolution of conflicts between stakeholders. Divide the group in two halves: observers and players. The players should include two highly recognized policy specialists from organizations of opposing views, and the rest are policy makers and stakeholders. Invent a relevant controversial topic (e.g. a drastic increase in the price of drinking water to promote savings), and assign roles for the group of policy makers (they must approve the price hike regardless of opposition). After instructions to the players, the roles are played out with a time limit of seven to ten minutes. At the end of that time, review what happened, how and why. Ask the players how they felt in their roles, before asking the observers for their views and specifically, what they perceived as agents of change. Proceed to discuss feelings, procedures and substance. Look for similarities between the role play and everyday situations of the audience when initiating a CP policy dialogue. PAGE 65
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