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C05303949 GOING THE WAY OF VIETNAMD The pervasive ambiguities of the sideshow in Laos preclude any confident judgment about its relationship to the timing of the decision in South Vietnam. .It is one thing to note that, at their peak, NVA forces in northeastern Laos alone reached the equivalent of three divisions and that, after the Laotian cease-fire, two of them-the 312 th and the 316 th-returned to Vietnam to spearhead the final drive on Saigon. It is another and more dubious thing to infer that Hanoi could not have deployed these forces earlier to South Vietnam, or that they were indispensable to turning the tide there at the beginning of 1975. 37 0 . . It remains that when the cease-fire came into effect in February 1973, the Royal Laotian Government controlled nearly as much territory and represented at least as many people as it did when the Geneva Agreements were signed in 1962. When Saigon fell on 30 April 1975, Vang Pao still ruled the mountainssouthwest of the Plain of Jars. Tn addition, Operation Lam Son 719 aside, <strong>CIA</strong> had run the only serious ground incursions into Hanoi's supply corridor in the Panhandle. Its flexibility-tactical, logistic, and managerialand the economy of its effort represent admirable features of the <strong>Agency</strong>'s performance in Laos. But no amount of American aid or advice could make the Lao the masters of their own fate. If their unfortunate country began the war as a dependency of the United States, it finished it as a pawn of the regime in HanoLD 37 Jim Glerum.D SEfRET/IMR 529
C05303949 CHRONOLOGY 1954 .May ....,.... French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. . July - Geneva Accords signed, establishing the Viet Minh-controlled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi and a provisional noncommunist regime in Saigon. November - . '1957 Souvanna Phouma named Laotian prime minister. May - August - 1958 Communist Pathet Lao victory in parliamentary elections. Souvanna forced out of office by US economic pressure. 1960 August - Mutiny by 2 nd Parachute Battalion led by its commander, Capt. Kong Le; Souvanna Phouma restored as prime minister. 14 December- US-supported units under Col. Phoumi Nosavan retake Vientiane after Souvanna Phouma flight to Cambodia. 1961 January - First airdrop of ordnance to Hmong irregulars at Pa Dong, south of the Plain of Jars. Mid-1961- Creation of upper Panhandle program] 1962 Early 1962 - Creation of Kha program in lower Panhandle and multiethnic units in the northwest. --.J SEJRETIIMR ,1 531 -_ .._-- ._------------------------------_.....
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, C05303949 i (b)(1) (b)(3) i UNDER
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, : I· C05303949 UNDERCOVER ARMIES
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C05303949 MAPS Laos ground war, 196
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C05303949 ABBREVIATIONS BG CASI CAT
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C05303949 INTRODUCTION The Cork in
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C05303949 The Agency initially aime
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C05303949 over covert Laotian opera
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C05303949 Ii CHI N A T H A I uo. -
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C05303949 NO'Wi Laos: ROAD CAPACITI
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C05303949 Laos; The iUr War 1964-19
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I C05303949 UNDERCOVER ARMIESD
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I I C05303949 PROLOGUE Despite a ch
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I I CO~303949 Chapter One An early
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Chapter One The communists' 1958 vi
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I 1, C05303949 EVERYBODY'S PAWND I
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C05303949 EVERYBODY'S PAWG I I' Sih
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C05303949 EVERYBODY'SPAWND The only
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CO~303949 , I EVERYBODY'S PAWND mis
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COSb03949 I II I ItI, Chapter 1\110
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I C05 1303949 , I,, I I Chapter Two
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I I I I I I III Chapter Two The man
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C05 303949 Chapter Two Vientiane, i
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C051303949 I I Chapter Two Dpartici
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COSl303949 Chapter Two craft shuttl
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Chapter Two At this point, Stu Meth
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Chapter Two did not occur. Vang Pao
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C05303949 Chapter Two and providing
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COSl303949 Chapter Two , . I -r II
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COSl303949 Chapter Two SEC~IMR offe
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CHAPTER THREE Iron Age GuerrillasD
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C05303949 IRON AGE GUERRlUAs[] Toge
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COSl303949 I III IRON AGE GUERRILLA
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I C05 1303949 I I . SE!RET/fMR IRON
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I C05303949 I Target: KongLeD IRONA
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I C05803949 I I ! II IRON AGE GUERR
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ffiONAGEGUERIDUASc=] neutralists ha
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I C05303949 I I I IRONAGE GUERRIUAS
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I C05303949 I IiI I I, I IRONAGE GU
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C051303949 I i I I I IiI I I II I I
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COSl303949 I I III I SEcr- T1fMR IR
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COSb03949 I II i I I fflONAGEGUERmU
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C051303949 I II I I I I I I I I rel
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lexcitedly 1 _ I C05303949 , I IRON
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COSl303949 i I Chapter Four lose bo
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CO~303949 I I I I i Chapter Four Sa
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I I C05303949 I Ii I I I i I Chapte
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I C05303949 I I I I I Chapter Four
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I C05303949 i i I I I II I II I I I
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I C05303949 I I iI I I II I I I I I
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C05303949 I II I I i ! I I II I I I
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I C05303949 i, i I I I ! I Chapter
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C05303949 Chapter Four t'uth III II
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C05303949 Chapter Four Photo fmm un
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I I iCO~303949 , I I I Chapter Four
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I C05303949 I I Chapter Four antico
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C05 303 94 9 Chapte r Five ttelio -
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C05303949 Chapter Five STOL aircrof
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I C05303949 I I Chapter Five No amo
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I C05303949 Chapter Five , I. i I I
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I C05303949 , Chapter Five under th
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I I C05303949 SECrT/fMR Chapter Fiv
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C05303949 Chapter Five There was al
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I C05303949 Chapter Five Beating th
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C053 0 394 9 Chapter F ;\'e Entranc
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C05303949 SECrTlfMR Chapter Five In
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C05303949 Chapter Five .1 of surviv
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C05303949 SECrTlfMR· Chapter Five
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C05303949 Chapter Six The next day,
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C05303949 Chapter Six Ambassador Br
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, . , C05303949 Chapter Six largely
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C05303949 Chapter Six But neither t
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, C05303949 Chapter Six The princes
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C05303949 Chapter Six I . the Hmong
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C05303949 Chapter Six Given the his
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C05303949 Chapter Six Even more to
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C05303949 Chapter Seven In fact, th
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C05303949 . Chapter Seven The 75 da
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C05303949 Chapter Seven uneasy, and
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C05303949 Chapter Seven Gen. Phasou
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C05303949 Chapter Seven For Yang Pa
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C05303949 Chapter Seven Even if~ do
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C05303949 Chapter Seven I ~dmiral F
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C05303949 Chapter Seven their rule
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C05303949 Chapter Seven Union on th
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C05303949 Chapter Seven of Pines, i
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C05303949 Chapter Seven Hanoi, whil
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C05303949 Chapter Seven on the grou
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C05303949 CHAPTER EIGHT A Limited O
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C05303949 A LIMITED OFFENS/VED bomb
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C05303949 A LIMITED OFFENSIVG . the
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C05303949 A LIMITED OFFENSIVED wing
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C05303949 A ustrtrn OFFENSI\ 'f. te
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C05 30 3 949 A UMITf..D OFFEXSI\ 'E
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C05303949 A LIMITED OFFENSIVED supp
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C05303949 A UMrrEI> OFH.N SI\ 't: I
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C05303949 a good start.I A LIMITED
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C05303949 A LIMITED OFFENSIVO 10. A
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C05 303949 .-\ L/.\fITE[) OFFt:.NS/
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C05303949 CHAPTER NINE Focus on the
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED I
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED T
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLO Ne
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED c
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED C
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED h
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1 Ihad C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHA
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C05303949 SECrTIIMR FOCUS ON THE PA
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED C
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED T
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLE[]
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C05303949 FOCUS ON THE PANHANDLED G
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C05303949 CHAPTER TEN In the Shadow
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C05303949 IN THE SHADOW OF VlETNAMD
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C05303949 IN THE SHADOW OF VIETNAMD
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C05303949 IN THE SHADOW OF WETNAMD
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C05303949 IN THE SHADOW OF VlETNAMD
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C05303949 IN THE SHADOW OF WETNAMD
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C05303949 SEcft.'/lMR Colby was not
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C05303949 IN THE SHADOW OF VlETNAC
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C05303949 TNTHE SHADOW OF VlETNAMD
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C05303949 SEi rrrllMR /,,,/ THE SHA
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C05 303 949 IN THE SIIAI>OU' (JF \
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C05303949 CHAPTER ELEVEN On the Fro
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C05303949 SErT1fMR ON THE PROKIUNE
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C053039 49 ov THE FRO'vTLll\'E IX S
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C05303949 ON TIlE FRONTUNE IN SAAI
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C05303949 SEt T/IMR ON THE FRONTLIN
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1 C05303949 '1"~'ON THE FRONTLINE I
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C05303949 os TIlE FROSTUNf: IN StUI
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C05303949 SEfTllMR ON THE FRONTLINE
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C05303949 SEr TlfM R ON THE FRONTLI
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C05303949 SEcfTllMR abled trucks; t
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C05303949 SE!RETIIMR ON THE FRONTLI
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C05303949 SEr T1fM R ON THE FRONTLI
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C05303949 CHAPTER TwELVE Introducti
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C05303949 SEt T1IMR INTRODUCTION TO
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C05303949 SEr TlfM R INTRODUCTION T
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C05303949 SEcjETlfMR INTRODUCTIONTO
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C05303949 SE7ETlfMR INTRODUCTIONTO
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C05303949 SECfTlfMJI. INTRODUCTION
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C05303949 SEiRET/lMR INTRODUCTIONTO
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C05303949 ~R INTRODUCTIONTO INTERDI
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C05303949 SEt T1fM R INTRODUClION T
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen Adm. U.S
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen' I I Iwe
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C05303949 • Chapter Thirteen said
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen With his
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen "Lamplig
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen Miss.ion
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Ic05303949 Chapter Thirteen als Oua
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen The emph
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C05303949 Chapter Thirteen eral pas
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·C05303949 Chapter Thirteen to man
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C05303949 CHAPTER FOURTEEN A Holdin
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C05303949 A HOLDJNGOPEMnON~ Lair sa
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C05303949 A IIOUJ/NG OPERATlON 'rlm
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATlOND ing
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C05303949 A HOLDINGOPERATIOND. The
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATIOND at h
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C05303949 A HOWING OPERATIOU The tr
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATIOND Defe
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATIOND Hmon
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPliRA11OND The
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATIOND to b
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATIOND scen
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C05303949 A HOLDING OPERATIOND must
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen uJars. If
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen until two
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen Having fa
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen communist
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen Payingfor
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen tions nor
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen Muong Sou
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen I ILarry
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen s 10 X1"
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C05303949 - Chapter Fifteen There w
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen • IlIl
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C05303949 Chapter Fifteen Vcm~ PIlI
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C05303949 CHAPTER SIXTEEN Taking th
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C05303949 SF;hTlfMR TAKING THE WAR
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C05303949 SECrTlfMR TAKINGTHE WARTO
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C05303949 SEr T/fM R TAKING THE WAR
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C05303949 SECfT/lMR TAKING THE WART
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C05303949 SErT/lMR TAKING THE WAR T
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C05303949 SErETlfMR TAKING THE WAR
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C05303949 TAAO/NG THE Ui\ R TO TI l
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C05303949 SEtETIIMR TAKING TIlE WAR
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C05303949 SEfT/lMR TAKING THE WAR T
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C05303949 SE!RETIIMR TAKING THE WAR
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C05303949 SE7ETlfMR TAKING THE WAR
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen FAR and
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen 'I '."I
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen "I r I
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen SEriETl
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen A New S
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen levels,
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen Meanwhi
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen The sta
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen Long Ti
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------------ C05303949 Chapter Seve
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen The moo
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen . Headq
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C05303949 Chapter Seventeen The var
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C05303949 • Chapter Seventeen' Th
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C05303949 Chapte r Seventeen The CO
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C05303949 I Chapter Seventeen ]Defe
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C05303949 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Sting Li
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C05303949 STING LIKEA BEllO Meanwhi
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C05303949 sttno LIKE A BEED Alludin
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C05303949 STING UKE A BEED American
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C05303949 STING LIKEA BEO The Neo L
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C05303949 STING LIKE A BEED the ope
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C05303949 STING UKE A BEG Even the
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen The sess
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" .", I ,----,-------,-_ C05303949
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen _..., ..
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen \ high g
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C0530 3949 Chapter Nineteen rff'?1c
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen Unleashi
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen Nelson's
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C05303 949 Chapter Nineteen - . Oo,
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen Long Tie
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C05303949 Chapter Nineteen Tovar re
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C05303949 , '"'f1l;lbu Pha Sal ....
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty The fate o
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty Vir\\' m-r
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty b,------ J
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty / PHOU •
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty "'Il~_. ..
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty Weakened b
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty a box of f
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty Implicitly
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty ment's pos
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty renewed Hm
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C05 303949 Chapter Twenty I 1 • (
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty ing in Nor
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty .F' . ~ -
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty The Perenn
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C05303949' Chapter Twenty In what h
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C05303949 Chapter Twenty It had bee
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Page 492 and 493: C05303949 1973-75 The Paris Agreeme
Page 494 and 495: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one repres
Page 496 and 497: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one ____Id
Page 498 and 499: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one Despit
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Page 506 and 507: ,C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one offer
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Page 512 and 513: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one ters f
Page 514 and 515: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one politi
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Page 518 and 519: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one the NV
Page 520 and 521: C05303949 Chapter Twenty-one sion.]
Page 522 and 523: C05303949 CHAPTER TwENTY-TWO Going
Page 524 and 525: C05303949 GOING THE WAY OFVIETNAMD
Page 526 and 527: C05303949 GOING THE WAY OF VIETNAMD
Page 528 and 529: C05303949 SEfT/~R GOING THE WAY OF
Page 530 and 531: C05303949 GOING THE WAYOF VIETNAU T
Page 532 and 533: C05303949 GOING THE WAYOF WETNAMD B
Page 534 and 535: C05303949 GOING THE WAY OF VIETNAMD
Page 538 and 539: C05303949 Chronology July - Geneva
Page 540 and 541: C05303949 Chronology 1974 5 April -
Page 542 and 543: C05303949 Appendix The hill tribes
Page 544 and 545: C05303949 Appendix In September 196
Page 546 and 547: C05303949 Appendix The recollection
Page 548 and 549: C05303949 Appendix nearby and heade
Page 550 and 551: C05303949 SEfRJ!.TIIMR . Appendix T
Page 552 and 553: C05303949 Appendix .~R transactions
Page 554 and 555: C05303949 SOURCE NOTE AND SUGGESTED
Page 556 and 557: C05303949 Lap, Doan Manh and Do Quo
Page 558 and 559: C05303949 Index narcotics, 540, 542
Page 560 and 561: C05303949 Index I 117,118,120,121,1
Page 562 and 563: C05303949 Index guidance to field (
Page 564 and 565: C'05303949 Index de Silva, Peer, 21
Page 566 and 567: C05303949 Index effectiveness, 6, 3
Page 568 and 569: C05303949 Index namese, 133, 183, 1
Page 570 and 571: C05303949 Index Intelligence Commun
Page 572 and 573: C05303949 Index as Secretary of Sta
Page 574 and 575: C05303949 Index operations, 343-345
Page 576 and 577: C05303949 Index tions,340 Military
Page 578 and 579: C05303949 Index 192,531 , operation
Page 580 and 581: C05303949 Index Quane Rathikoun, Ge
Page 582 and 583: C05303949 Index relations with CIA,
Page 584 and 585: C05303949 Index . SE!RETIIMR R (all
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C05303949 Index 147,215,216 Sam Neu
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C05303949 Index I and Pathet Lao, 7
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C05303949 Index I 289,307,313 menti
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C05303949 Index (Saigon station), 1
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C05303949 Index 451,455,458,469,485
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C05303949 Index 493,501,508,522,533
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