development report 2012 - UMAR

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138 Development Report 2012 Indicators of Slovenia’s development Public expenditure on education Total public expenditure 1 on education as a share of GDP 2 is high and increased further in 2009. In 2009, it amounted to 5.7% of GDP, 0.5 p.p. more than a year earlier. Amid the 3% real increase in public expenditure on education, the substantial expansion of the share was largely related to the steep decline in GDP. In 2008 (the latest international data available), the share exceeded the EU average, which can be explained by a high participation in education in Slovenia. In 2009, public expenditure on education increased most notably in real terms at the pre-school and tertiary levels of education. In 2009, public expenditure on education grew at all education levels, except primary education. The largest increase was recorded for the pre-school level (by 8.2%), due to a higher number of children in kindergartens (a higher number of kindergartens, additional class units and new hiring). Amid a further increase in the number of births in 2010, and in view of the implementation of the national targets for pre-school education set in the White Paper on Education and Training from 2011 (increasing the participation of children in kindergartens, lowering the standards 3 ) and the EU objectives (increasing enrolment in kindergartens), we can also expect public expenditure for this level to increase in the future. In 2009, significant growth was also recorded for public expenditure on tertiary education (by 7.2%). Direct expenditure on educational institutions rose in particular, which is linked to additional jobs, the provision of funds to eliminate wage disparities and the funding of development tasks and equipment. Expenditure 1 Total public expenditure on education comprises the total budgetary expenditure on formal education of youth and adults at central and local levels. It includes direct public expenditure on educational institutions and transfers to households (scholarships, subsidies for meals, transport, accommodation, textbooks, etc.). Financial data for Slovenia are gathered using internationally comparable methodology based on the UOE questionnaire (a joint questionnaire of UNESCO, OECD and Eurostat). 2 The share of total public expenditure on education in GDP is calculated with regard to the GDP revision, SORS release, August 2011. 3 The White Paper on Education and Training in the RS from 2011 anticipates a lowering of preschool standards to no more than 12 children per class unit in the first age period and the ratio of children to adults in a class unit to 6:1 for nine hours per day. In the second age period, the class unit should have no more than 20 children and the ratio of children to adults should be 10:1 six hours per day. The standard for advisers should be reduced from 30 class units to 20. on transfers for students/households grew as well, yet much less. During SDS implementation, public expenditure increased most notably at the pre-school and tertiary levels of education, which also recorded higher enrolment, in contrast to public expenditure on upper secondary education, which declined due to a lower number of students. Slovenia allocates the bulk of public expenditure on education for primary education. In 2009, public expenditure on pre-school education totalled 0.56% of GDP in Slovenia; according to data for 2008 (the most recent available international data), it was somewhat below the EU average. The increase in these expenses is related to EU policies and national policies for improving the participation of children in this level of education. Accounting for the largest share in total public expenditure, expenditure on primary education totalled 2.49% of GDP in 2009. For upper secondary education, 1.26% of GDP was allocated in Slovenia in 2009, 0.12 p.p. less than at the beginning of SDS implementation in 2005. Public expenditure on tertiary education totalled 1.38% of GDP in 2009, 0.13 p.p. more than in 2005. In 2008, its share in GDP was somewhat higher than in the EU as a whole (1.14% of GDP). The share of public expenditure on transfers to students/households 4 at the tertiary level declined in 2009, but is still relatively substantial. Having totalled 7.8% for all levels of education in 2009, the share has been declining for several years, but it nevertheless exceeded the EU average (6.4%) in 2008. The share of public expenditure on transfers at the tertiary level also dropped in 2009 (to 22.1%), but it is much higher on average than in the EU (2008: 16.7%). In the period of the implementation of SDS, the shares of public expenditure on transfers for all levels of education and at the tertiary level of education declined. 4 Public transfers on education comprise scholarships, child benefits in the part where an additional condition for payment is participation in education, subsidies for transport, meals, accommodation, textbooks, learning technology and professional literature, etc.
Development Report 2012 Indicators of Slovenia’s development 139 Table: Total public expenditure on education as a share of GDP, EU-27, 1995–2008 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 EU-27 N/A 4.88 5.04 5.04 4.96 5.07 Austria 6.04 5.74 5.48 5.46 5.40 5.46 Belgium N/A N/A 5.93 6.00 6.02 6.46 Bulgaria 3.39 3.97 4.51 4.24 4.13 4.61 Cyprus 4.63 5.35 6.92 7.02 6.93 7.41 Czech Republic N/A 3.97 4.26 4.60 4.20 4.08 Denmark 7.67 8.29 8.30 7.97 7.83 7.75 Estonia 5.88 6.10 4.88 4.75 4.85 5.67 Finland 6.85 5.89 6.31 6.19 5.91 6.13 France 6.04 6.03 5.65 5.58 5.59 5.58 Greece 2.87 3.39 4.04 N/A N/A N/A Ireland 5.07 4.28 4.75 4.76 4.90 5.62 Italy 4.85 4.55 4.43 4.70 4.29 4.58 Latvia 6.19 5.64 5.06 5.07 5.00 5.71 Lithuania 5.12 5.90 4.90 4.84 4.67 4.91 Luxembourg 4.26 N/A 3.78 3.38 3.15 N/A Hungary 5.39 4.42 5.47 5.42 5.20 5.10 Malta N/A 4.49 6.79 N/A 6.31 6.01 Germany 4.62 4.46 4.53 4.40 4.50 4.55 Netherlands 5.06 4.96 5.48 5.46 5.32 5.46 Poland 5.10 4.89 5.47 5.25 4.91 5.09 Portugal 5.37 5.42 5.39 5.25 5.30 4.89 Romania N/A 2.86 3.48 N/A 4.25 N/A Slovakia 5.01 3.93 3.85 3.80 3.62 3.59 Slovenia 5.69 5.75 5.73 5.72 5.16 5.20 Spain 4.66 4.28 4.23 4.27 4.35 4.62 Sweden 7.22 7.21 6.97 6.85 6.69 6.74 United Kingdom 5.02 4.46 5.36 5.47 5.39 5.36 Source: Eurostat Portal Page – Population and Social Conditions, 2012; Expenditure on formal education, 2009 – provisional data – SORS (2011); Expenditure on formal education, Slovenia, 2005 – 2008 – final data – revision – SORS (2011); Expenditure on formal education, 2004 – SORS (2007); Expenditure on formal education, (2006) – SORS; Statistical Yearbook 2008 – SORS (2008); Expenditure on formal education, 1995 – 2003 – SORS (2006). Notes: Indicators for Slovenia calculated based on the latest GDP revision (August 2011); N/A – not available. Figure: Total public expenditure on formal education, by level of education, as a % of GDP, Slovenia, 2005–2009 3.0 2.5 2005 2008 2009 2.0 As a % of GDP 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Pre-school Primary Upper secondary Tertiary Source: Expenditure on formal education, Slovenia, 2005 – 2008 – final data – revision – SORS (2011); Expenditure on formal education, 2009 – provisional data – SORS (2011). Note: Indicators for Slovenia calculated based on the latest revision of GDP (August 2011).
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10 Development Report 2012 Summary
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Part I Development by the prioritie
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