development report 2012 - UMAR
development report 2012 - UMAR
development report 2012 - UMAR
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4 Development Report <strong>2012</strong><br />
Contents<br />
Balance of payments.................................................................................................................................. 104<br />
Gross external debt.................................................................................................................................... 106<br />
Labour productivity.................................................................................................................................... 108<br />
Market share................................................................................................................................................ 110<br />
Unit labour costs......................................................................................................................................... 112<br />
Structure of merchandise exports by factor intensity......................................................................... 114<br />
Exports and imports as a share of GDP................................................................................................... 116<br />
Foreign direct investment......................................................................................................................... 118<br />
Entrepreneurial activity............................................................................................................................. 120<br />
Share of non-financial market services................................................................................................... 122<br />
Total assets of banks................................................................................................................................... 124<br />
Insurance premiums................................................................................................................................... 126<br />
Market capitalisation.................................................................................................................................. 128<br />
THE SECOND PRIORITY: Efficient use of knowledge for economic <strong>development</strong> and<br />
high-quality jobs......................................................................................................................131<br />
Share of population with tertiary education......................................................................................... 132<br />
Average years of schooling of adult population................................................................................... 134<br />
Ratio of students to teaching staff........................................................................................................... 136<br />
Public expenditure on education............................................................................................................ 138<br />
Private expenditure on education........................................................................................................... 140<br />
Expenditure on educational institutions per student......................................................................... 142<br />
Adult participation in education.............................................................................................................. 144<br />
Gross domestic expenditure on research and <strong>development</strong>............................................................. 146<br />
Science and technology graduates......................................................................................................... 148<br />
Intellectual property.................................................................................................................................. 150<br />
Researchers.................................................................................................................................................. 152<br />
Internet use and access.............................................................................................................................. 154<br />
THE THIRD PRIORITY: An efficient and less costly state....................................................157<br />
General government expenditure by function..................................................................................... 158<br />
Economic structure of taxes and contributions.................................................................................... 160<br />
Fiscal burden by taxes and contributions.............................................................................................. 162<br />
Subsidies....................................................................................................................................................... 164<br />
State aid........................................................................................................................................................ 166<br />
THE FOURTH PRIORITY: A modern welfare state...............................................................169<br />
Employment rate......................................................................................................................................... 170<br />
Unemployment rate................................................................................................................................... 172<br />
Long-term unemployment rate............................................................................................................... 174<br />
Temporary employment............................................................................................................................ 176<br />
Part-time employment............................................................................................................................... 178<br />
Social-protection expenditure................................................................................................................. 180<br />
Pension expenditure.................................................................................................................................. 182<br />
Health expenditure..................................................................................................................................... 184<br />
Expenditure on long-term care................................................................................................................ 186<br />
Human <strong>development</strong> index...................................................................................................................... 188<br />
Minimum wage............................................................................................................................................ 190<br />
Risk of poverty............................................................................................................................................. 192<br />
Material deprivation................................................................................................................................... 194<br />
Health care resources................................................................................................................................. 196<br />
Capacities of the education system......................................................................................................... 198<br />
Life satisfaction............................................................................................................................................ 200
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