development report 2012 - UMAR

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226 Development Report 2012 Indicators of Slovenia’s development Migration coefficient Having dropped to about zero in 2010, the migration coefficient 1 in Slovenia was again slightly positive in the first half of 2011. After reaching the highest level on record in 2008 (9.2 per 1,000 inhabitants according to the new definition of migration 2 ) and then decreasing to 5.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2009 (which was still among the highest coefficients in the EU), the migration coefficient in Slovenia dropped to around zero in 2010. The reason for the zero net migration was a significant decline in immigration. According to SORS data, 15,820 people immigrated to Slovenia (down almost a half on the previous year) and 15,727 people (down 16%) emigrated from Slovenia in 2010. Eurostat’s data, which is corrected for statistical errors, reveals that in 2010 the migration coefficient in Slovenia was actually slightly negative, at -0.3 per 1,000 inhabitants. In the first half of 2011 the number of people who immigrated to Slovenia was again slightly higher than the number of emigrants, so that the migration coefficient was again slightly positive, at 0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants. Over the 1995– 2004 period Slovenia’s migration coefficient was low (around 1.2 on average), but it grew rapidly between 2005 and 2008. Having averaged 6,500 per year between 1995 and 2000, the number of immigrants exceeded 30 thousand in 2008 and 2009. The number of emigrants also rose: after averaging around 4,100 per year between 1995 and 2000, it had risen to 18,788 by 2009 (excluding seasonal migrants). parties to the Schengen Agreement to work, apply for asylum or register as jobseekers. In addition to the deterioration in the economic situation, which reduced employment of foreigners, 3 the decline in net migration, which began in the second quarter of 2009 and accelerated in 2010, was also the result of the stricter conditions for obtaining residence permits for foreign nationals living in Slovenia that were introduced by the Government at that time. Most immigrants still come from the former Yugoslav republics, although their average educational qualifications improved in 2010. Only for foreign nationals does the number of immigrants exceed the number of emigrants; the net migration of Slovenian citizens has been slightly negative since 2000. 4 The majority of immigrants still come from Bosnia and Herzegovina, but in the last two years their number has dropped by almost a half. Immigration from other EU Member States remains low. Around 70% of immigrants come looking for work, but only 85% of them managed to find a job in Slovenia in 2010. Most of them still work in construction, but their share (and the number) declined again in 2010. This was also reflected in the average education level of foreign workers in Slovenia, which shifted towards secondary and higher education. The decline in the migration coefficient in the last three years was the result of the economic crisis and stricter conditions for obtaining a residence permit. The accelerated increase in the migration coefficient between 2004 and 2008 was to a large extent the result of economic growth after Slovenia’s accession to the EU. Companies increasingly hired foreign workers, particularly as a result of a shortage in certain professions, most notably in construction, so that the number of foreigners working in Slovenia doubled in that period. In 2008 immigration also increased as a consequence of Slovenia’s accession to the Schengen Agreement. That year also saw numerous abuses, such as foreigners who obtained a residence permit in Slovenia moving to other countries that are 1 The migration coefficient is the ratio of net migration to average population in a calendar year; net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants in a calendar year. 2 In 2008 SORS changed over to a new definition of permanent migration, which excludes migrants who have been present in the country or absent from it for less than a year. According to the previous definition, which included seasonal migrants, the migration coefficient in 2008 was higher, at 13.9 per 1,000 inhabitants. 3 According to SRE data. 4 The average migration coefficient of Slovenian citizens in the 2000–2009 period was -0.4 per 1,000 inhabitants.
Development Report 2012 Indicators of Slovenia’s development 227 Table: Net migration (with statistical corrections), per 1,000 inhabitants 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 EU-27 1.4 1.5 3.6 3.2 3.9 2.9 1.8 1.8 Austria 0.3 2.2 6.1 3.0 4.1 4.1 2.5 3.3 Belgium 0.2 1.3 4.7 4.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 8.2 Bulgaria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -2.1 -3.2 Cyprus 9.2 5.7 19.0 11.2 9.4 4.5 2.3 -4.1 Czech Republic 1.0 0.6 3.5 3.4 8.1 6.9 2.7 1.5 Denmark 5.5 1.9 1.2 1.9 3.7 4.6 2.8 3.0 Estonia -10.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Finland 0.8 0.5 1.7 2.0 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 France np 2.7 3.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 Greece 7.3 2.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.1 1.5 Ireland 1.6 8.4 15.0 15.6 10.6 0.7 -6.2 -7.5 Italy 0.5 0.9 5.2 6.4 8.4 7.1 5.3 5.2 Latvia -5.5 -2.3 -0.2 -1.1 -0.3 -1.1 -2.1 -3.5 Lithuania -6.5 -5.8 -2.6 -1.4 -1.6 -2.3 -4.6 -23.7 Luxembourg 10.6 7.9 13.1 11.3 12.5 15.8 13.2 15.1 Hungary 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.2 Malta 0.2 2.3 4.0 5.3 4.2 5.9 -0.4 5.4 Germany 4.9 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.5 -0.7 -0.1 1.6 Netherlands 1.0 3.6 -1.4 -1.6 -0.1 1.9 2.3 2.0 Poland -0.5 -10.7 -0.3 -0.9 -0.5 -0.4 0.0 -0.1 Portugal 2.2 4.6 3.6 2.5 1.8 0.9 1.4 0.4 Romania -0.9 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.0 Slovakia 0.5 -4.1 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.6 Slovenia 0.4 1.4 3.2 3.1 7.1 9.2 5.6 -0.3 Spain 1.8 9.7 14.8 13.7 15.6 9.0 1.1 1.3 Sweden 1.3 2.7 3.0 5.6 5.9 6 6.7 5.3 United Kingdom 1.1 2.4 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.6 Source: Eurostat Portal Page – Population and social conditions – Population, 2011. Figure: Work permits issued for foreigners in Slovenia, by sector, 2010 and 2011 F Construction C Manufacturing H Transportation and storage I Accommodation and food … G Wholesale,retail; repair of … 2011 2010 Other activities Activity unknown 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 No. of work permits in 1,000 Source: SRE, Labour market in figures, 2011, available at http://www.ess.gov.
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8 Development Report 2012 Main find
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10 Development Report 2012 Summary
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Part I Development by the prioritie
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Part II Indicators of Slovenia’s
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THE SECOND PRIORITY Efficient use o
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Development Report 2012 Indicators
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THE FOURTH PRIORITY: A modern welfa
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