Draft National Wind Farm Development Guidelines - July 2010

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Table E-2 Summary modelling assumptions Model parameter Zone of influence of shadows Minimum angle to the Sun Shape of the Sun Setting 265 x Maximum blade chord 3 degrees Disk Time and duration of modelling One full year representing a non-leap year 12 to 15 years after the date of DA submission Orientation of the rotor Offset between rotor and tower Time step Effects of topography Receptor height Receptor location Grid size for mapping and assessment of shadow flicker at a receptor location. Sphere or disk facing the Sun Not required Ten (10) minutes or less Include 1.5 m – 2 m and window / balcony height where dwellings have more than one storey A map should be provided and the highest level of annual shadow flicker within 50 m of the centre of a dwelling reported. Not more than 25 m Table E-3 Summary of allowable mitigations Mitigation Cloud cover assessment Vegetation blocking shadows Scheduling turbine operation Constraints Annual limit reduced to 10 hours/year Use recommended method of assessment described below Where it can be shown that the view of a source turbine is completely blocked, the contribution of that turbine may be ignored. Annual limit reduced to 10 hours/year The recommended method for assessment of cloud cover is to: • Obtain Bureau of Meteorology data on cloud cover from the closest site (reporting at least 9am and 3pm cloud cover) with at least three years of data. • Determine monthly averages separately for the 9 am and 3 pm proportion of cloudy days. • Reduce shadow flicker occurring in a given month by the proportion of cloudy days (evening shadow flicker should be reduced using the proportion from 3 pm and morning shadow flicker using the proportion from 9 am). • Sum the reduced monthly totals to determine the revised annual exposure. Section E.7.3 explains the basis for these mitigation measures, and for some other types of mitigations that have been considered but not recommended here. These sections are for information only and do not include information necessary to complete an assessment. Page 154 Draft National Wind Farm Development Guidelines – 2 July 2010
E.4.4 Construction Assessment of the micro-sited layout Shadow flicker is very sensitive to turbine position. Micro-siting, even within the limits allowable for an approved development application, can significantly change the duration of shadow flicker at some locations. Following micro-siting, shadow flicker should be reassessed, as described in Section E.4.3. The revised assessment should be submitted to the relevant authority. If the assessment of the micro-sited layout results in the exposure limits being exceeded, mitigation measures should be introduced. E.4.5 Operations Assessment of the actual shadow flicker The limits and method recommended in these guidelines are such that complaints from affected residents are unlikely. In the event that complaints do arise, the following actions are recommended. Independent modelling of shadow flicker, using as-constructed turbine positions, should be carried out according to the method presented in Section E.4.3 noting that this need only be carried out once, regardless of the number, timing and source of complaints. In the event that this shows the wind farm does not comply with these Guidelines, mitigation strategies such as planting of vegetation or scheduling turbine operation should be implemented to achieve compliance (see Section E.4.3). In the event where a complainant is not satisfied by the outcome of this approach, an observational study may be recommended. It is difficult to determine the level of shadow flicker observationally, because of the range of variables (especially cloud cover) that will reduce the duration below that modelled. Additionally, a full years monitoring against which the annual exposure can be judged is likely to be impractical. As an alternative, it is recommended that observational study of shadow flicker on one day (when shadow flicker is present and there is no cloud cover) be carried out. This should be carried out using a video recorder placed at the receptor and monitored by an independent observer. A comparison of the time and duration of shadow flicker on that day would effectively validate or invalidate the predictions of the shadow flicker model, (which will need to be modelled for the same day). Validation of the model (within a tolerance of ±3 minutes) should be considered to demonstrate compliance with these Guidelines. In the unlikely scenario where a wind farm is shown to comply with these Guidelines but a sensitive resident is still annoyed by the shadow flicker, the resident should be recommended to take the following steps: • Plant screening vegetation between their property and the turbine(s). • Install heavy blinds or shutters on affected windows. E.5 Practice notes E.5.1 Cumulative impacts The approach to addressing cumulative impacts is common to many aspects of wind farms. This section addresses requirements specific to shadow flicker, and in particular defines the information to be provided by a developer in order to assess potential cumulative impacts in the future. Cumulative impacts from shadow flicker are generally unlikely; however, there are a number of practical instances where they can occur and so the potential for such impacts to arise should be addressed. Draft National Wind Farm Development Guidelines – 2 July 2010 Page 155
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EPHC National Wind Farm Development
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Acknowledgements These Guidelines h
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A.6.1 Site selection 28 A.6.2 Proje
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E.7 Technical discussion of key con
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The 20/20 target is challenging; ho
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Table 1-1 Elements of a ‘wind far
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2 Principles for responsible wind f
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3 Wind Farm Specific Issues The spe
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Specific noise limits are not provi
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3.5 Shadow flicker The issue Shadow
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Guidance notes Heritage issues are
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Table 4-1 Typical decision process
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The studies and community consultat
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A Community and Stakeholder Consult
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• Responsive There is a comm
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Figure A-1 IAP2 Public Participatio
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Specific components which should be
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Figure A-2 Example of Good Practice
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Recording the occurrence and outcom
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A.6.6 Decommissioning Planning & Co
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Potential Stakeholders Consultation
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B Noise B.1 Introduction This Appen
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the converse. These Guidelines reco
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The Standard should form the basis
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Stage and methodology Construction
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Other noise-sensitive uses such as
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Table B-2 Existing state and territ
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Establish background noise monitori
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As noted in Section 6.3.1 of AS4959
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predicted levels are significantly
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Prepare expert evidence (as require
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Undertake unattended monitoring to
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assessment of wind farm noise emiss
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B.4.5 Decommissioning Noise-related
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If a significant amount of time has
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B.7 Technical discussion of key con
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The HGC Engineering report 10 also
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C Landscape C.1 Introduction This A
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• Cumulative impacts “Cumulativ
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C.2 Overview of Methodologies Figur
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C.3 Task Methodologies C.3.1 Projec
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• State Relevant State herita
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The preliminary landscape character
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• Identifying and describing (in
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Advanced photomontages should also
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C.4.2 Visual Impact Assessment The
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C.4.2.4 Assessment of cumulative im
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the implementation of agreed change
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Figure C-2 IBRA mapping of Australi
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Table C-4 Mapping of landscape char
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C.7.2 Levels of significance What a
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Consider ‘Supporting Evidence’
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information available for other sit
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Figure C-4 Example of viewshed mapp
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Page 119 and 120: C.7.9 Glossary & acronyms Australia
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Page 124 and 125: D.1.2 Underlying approach The under
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Page 128 and 129: the operational wind farm is aimed
Page 130 and 131: D.4 Task methodologies D.4.1 Site S
Page 132 and 133: area as it was not collected accord
Page 134 and 135: used throughout these Guidelines as
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Page 140 and 141: construction phase are identified d
Page 142 and 143: Searches for dead birds and bats ar
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Page 148 and 149: that it was first observed. Where m
Page 150 and 151: e the case that assessment for bats
Page 152 and 153: Department of Primary Industries, W
Page 154 and 155: Percival, S.M. 2003, Birds and wind
Page 157 and 158: E Shadow Flicker E.1 Introduction T
Page 159 and 160: • The use of recreational facilit
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Page 163: Table E-1 Recommended exposure limi
Page 167 and 168: E.7 Technical discussion of key con
Page 169 and 170: Figure E-4 Variation in shading wit
Page 171 and 172: common practice varies between one
Page 173: as the actual limit, rather than th
Page 176 and 177: likely to be obstructed. Radiocommu
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Page 180 and 181: Figure F-1 EMI mitigation methodolo
Page 182 and 183: F.4 Task methodologies F.4.1 Projec
Page 184 and 185: Expected timeframe for evaluation r
Page 186 and 187: The near field zone can be calculat
Page 188 and 189: Develop mitigation strategy As a st
Page 190 and 191: aseline RF survey which involves th
Page 193 and 194: G Wind Farm Development Process G.1
Page 195 and 196: Project Sub-stages Activities to be
Page 197 and 198: Preliminary Technical Studies Issue
Page 199 and 200: Planning application (PA2) The plan
Page 201 and 202: Develop mitigation strategy Finalis
Page 203 and 204: Environmental Management Plans Issu
Page 205 and 206: Monitoring: confirmation (O3) Confi
Page 207 and 208: Decommissioning (D2) Once a decisio
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Draft National Wind Farm Development Guidelines - July 2010

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