States of Emergency - Centre for Policy Alternatives

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Nagamani  Theivendran  v.  The  Attorney  General  (2002)  SCM  16 th   October 2002 Nakkuda  Ali v.  Jayaratne (1951)  AC  66  (Privy  Council),  (1950) 51  NLR 457 (Supreme Court of Ceylon) Nanayakkara v. Henry Perera, A.S.P. and Three Others (1985)2 SLR 375 R v. Home Secretary, ex parte Khawaja (1984) AC 74 R v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex parte Rossminster Ltd (1980) AC 952 Refah Partisi v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHHR 1 S.R. Bommai v. Union (1994) 3 SCC 1 Seetha  Weerakoon  v.  Mahendra,  O.I.C.  Police  Station,  Galagedara  and Others (1991)2 SLR 172 Singarasa S.C. Spl(LA) No. 182/99 Siriwardene and  Others  v.Liyanage  and  Others  (1983)2 SLR 164, (1983) 2 FRD 310 Sudath Silva v. Kodituwakku Inspector of Police and Others (1987)2 SLR 119 Sunil Rodrigo (On behalf of B.  Sirisena  Cooray) v. Chandananda  De  Silva and Others (1997)3 SLR 265 Sunila  Abeysekara  v.  Ariya  Rubasinghe,  Competent  Authority  and  Others (2000)1 SLR 314 Thadchanamoorthi  and  Others  v.  Attorney‐General  and  Others  (1978‐79‐80)1 SLR 154 The  Communist  Party  Case  (1956)  5  BVerGE  85(German Constitutional Court) 242
The  Socialist  Reich  Party  Case  (1952) 2 BVerGE 1 (German Constitutional Court) UR v. Uruguay, Communication No. 128/1982 Velmurugu v. The Attorney General and Another (1981)1 SLR 406 Vinayagamoorthy, Attorney at Law (On beha lf of Wimalenthiran) v.  The Army Commander and Others (1997)1 SLR 113 Visuvalingam and Others v. Liyanage and Others (1983)2 SLR 311 Visuvalingam and Others v. Liyanage and Others (1984)1 SLR 305 Visuvalingam and Others v. Liyanage and Others (1984)2 SLR 123 Vivienne Gunawardena v. Perera and Others (1983)1 SLR 305 Weerasinghe v. Samarasinghe  (1966) 68 NLR 361 Weerawansa v. The Attorney General and Others (2000)1 SLR 387 Weinberger v.  Uruguay, Communication No.26/1978, adoption of views, 29 th October 1980, 11 th Session Wickremabandu v. Herath and Others (1990)2 SLR 348 Wijeratne  v.  Vijitha  Perera,  Sub  Inspector  of  Police,  Polonnaruwa  and Others (2002)3 SLR 319 Yasapala v. Wickramasinghe (1980) 1 FRD 143 (Sri Lanka SC) 83 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) 343 US 243
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A State of Permanent Crisis Constit
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This book is dedicated to J.S. Tiss
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3.   The Neo‐Roman Cons
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6. Fundamental Rights  ....
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security has been prioritised and t
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The year 2008 also marks the twenty
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nationalist political ideology (mir
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Needless to say, responsibility for
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those who believe in the democratic
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the exception discussed below. None
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independence or capacity to ensure
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einterpretation of its constitution
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issues from comparative experience
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PART I  The Theory and Practice
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In their recent comprehensive study
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in the process, destroy democracy.
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appointment of a dictator according
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dictator. 15 The dictator enjoyed a
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was the cultural and political etho
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siege is therefore a legal institut
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In Dicey’s view, the idea of mart
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diminish, the acknowledged prerogat
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Legislative Accommodation One of
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judges to resolve competing claims
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other vastly disparate contextual r
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than undermine, the rule of law in
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Carl  Schmitt:  Sovereign  Di
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Schmitt thought that, “…liberal
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The centrepiece of Schmitt’s mode
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exception has been declared by the
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CHAPTER III THE NEO‐ROMAN C
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3.1  Comparative  Experience:
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of emergency. It is true that the d
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emergency’. 87 The former remains
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legislation for the peace, order an
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the problem of deLinition plagues t
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to undertake, these jurisdictions m
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whereby each successive extension o
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may override ordinary statutes. As
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natural disasters, and a negative l
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However, the signiLicance of this p
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demonstrate this. 137 Other federat
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two classic constitutional devices
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may be curbed by the judiciary.”
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each department the necessary const
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normative expectations of the accom
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proved able, or indeed willing, to
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executive powers, and indeed tolera
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so clearly and blatantly transgress
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conLlict, but the character of the
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who use them to attack or undermine
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to the thoughts, feelings, and ener
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executive in favour of the latter,
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CHAPTER IV STANDARDS GOVERNING
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The past Live decades - the post Wo
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adaptation in human rights law of t
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interpreting these provisions. Subs
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interpreted this to mean “…a si
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were the result of an initiative by
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All three instruments contain a lis
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that it would “…take a State pa
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‘views’ are dependent on the at
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terms, but also that it provides fo
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incomplete reports. Perhaps unsurpr
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has also issued guidelines regardin
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advocacy role for its own views, wi
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The relevant State Party has an opp
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Nothing turns on the question wheth
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these rights. Derogation involves p
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ights under any circumstances, and
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population, to the territorial inte
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neither the ECHR nor the ACHR syste
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proclaimed a state of emergency. Th
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proportionate, in addition to confo
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elation to  the termination
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ut also the deeply conceptualised b
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Covenant (e.g., articles 6 and 7).
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Statute of the International Crimin
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derogability.  Even  in  time
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national security, and the protecti
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The Human Rights Committee has repe
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equires that States parties provide
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The only occasion in which the Huma
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would entail a breach of the State
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PART II  The Sri Lankan Experie
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CHAPTER V SRI  LANKA’S  CON
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emergency without having to look ov
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A state of emergency is brought int
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Chapter XVIII was predicated on the
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Regulations No. 1 of 2005 286 and E
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that of the person committing the a
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mens  rea  requirement for any
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extraordinary powers to the executi
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of almost every human rights norm 2
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Page 194 and 195: merits as well as the statement of
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Page 200 and 201: its underlying policy and motivatio
Page 202 and 203: Firstly, the problem of the deLinit
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Page 206 and 207: ebellion, the President is empowere
Page 208 and 209: CHAPTER VI FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 6
Page 210 and 211: Permissible restrictions on these r
Page 212 and 213: 6.2.1 Structure and Content V
Page 214 and 215: eLlection of the high importance ac
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Page 218 and 219: Lilanthi  de Silva  v.  The
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Page 226 and 227: The court’s reasoning with regard
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Page 230 and 231: With regard to the Linding of uncon
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Page 236 and 237: CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION “…unsee
Page 238 and 239: certain commitments, and then actin
Page 240 and 241: TABLE OF CASES A  Publication
Page 244 and 245: PROCLAMATIONS  AND EMERGENCY 
Page 246 and 247: Yala National Park Regulation 7 of
Page 248 and 249: Establishment of a new Department o
Page 250 and 251: BIBLIOGRAPHY A Bruce Ackerman (2004
Page 252 and 253: J.A.L. Cooray (1995) Constitutional
Page 254 and 255: European Commission for Democracy t
Page 256 and 257: Oren Gross and Fionnuala Ní Aolái
Page 258 and 259: K Robert N. Kearney (1971) Trade 
Page 260 and 261: Herbert Marx (1970) ‘The  Emerg
Page 262 and 263: Eugene V. Rostow (1945) ‘The Ja
Page 264 and 265: UN Special Rapporteur on the Indepe
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