States of Emergency - Centre for Policy Alternatives

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4.3. International Human Rights Standards in States of Emergency under the ICCPR: The Legal Regime of Derogations ....................................................... 138 4.3.1. The Principle of Exceptional Threat ..................................... 142 4.3.2. The Principle of Proclamation ................................................ 145 4.3.3. The Principle of NotiLication ................................................... 148 4.3.4. The Principle of Non‐Derogability ........................................ 152 4.3.5. The Principle of Proportionality ............................................ 160 4.3.6. The Principle of Non‐Discrimination ................................... 166 4.3.7. The Principle of Consistency ................................................... 169 PART II  The Sri Lankan Experience of Emergency     Powers 5. Sri Lanka’s Constitutional and Legal Framework       regarding States of Emergency  ................................................................ 174 5.1. The Constitutional and Statutory Framework: Chapter XVIII and the PSO .................................................................. 177 5.1.1. Emergency Regulations .............................................................. 181 5.2. Special Anti‐Terrorism Powers: The PTA ........................................ 187 5.3. Judicial Review of States of Emergency ........................................... 191 5.4. General Observations on Constitutional Framework on Emergencies .............................................................................................. 198 5.4.1. The DeLinition of ‘State of Public Emergency’ .................. 199 5.4.2. Declaration, Extension and Termination ............................ 201 5.4.3. Legal Effects .................................................................................... 204 5.4.4. Checks and Balances ................................................................... 207 6
6. Fundamental Rights  ...................................................................................... 208 6.1. Chapter II: Sri Lanka’s Constitutional Bill of Rights .................. 209 6.2. General Observations on the Fundamental Rights Framework .................................................................................................. 211 6.2.1. Structure and Content ................................................................ 212 6.2.2. Judicial Protection of Fundamental Rights ....................... 213 6.2.3. Restrictions on Fundamental Rights: Limitations and Derogations .................................................. 218 6.3. Restrictions on Fundamental Rights: International Standards ...................................................................... 220 6.4. Sri Lanka’s International Obligations: ICCPR ............................. 222 6.4.1. The Singarasa Case (2006) and Sri Lanka’s International Obligations ...................................................... 225 6.4.2. The Supreme Court Advisory Opinion on the ICCPR (2008) ............................................................................... 232 7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 236 Annexures  Table of Cases .......................................................................................................... 240 Proclamations and Emergency Regulations .............................................. 244 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 250 7
Page 1 and 2: A State of Permanent Crisis Constit
Page 3 and 4: This book is dedicated to J.S. Tiss
Page 5: 3.   The Neo‐Roman Cons
Page 9 and 10: security has been prioritised and t
Page 11 and 12: The year 2008 also marks the twenty
Page 13 and 14: nationalist political ideology (mir
Page 15 and 16: Needless to say, responsibility for
Page 17 and 18: those who believe in the democratic
Page 19 and 20: the exception discussed below. None
Page 21 and 22: independence or capacity to ensure
Page 23 and 24: einterpretation of its constitution
Page 25 and 26: issues from comparative experience
Page 28: PART I  The Theory and Practice
Page 31 and 32: In their recent comprehensive study
Page 33 and 34: in the process, destroy democracy.
Page 35 and 36: appointment of a dictator according
Page 37 and 38: dictator. 15 The dictator enjoyed a
Page 39 and 40: was the cultural and political etho
Page 41 and 42: siege is therefore a legal institut
Page 43 and 44: In Dicey’s view, the idea of mart
Page 45 and 46: diminish, the acknowledged prerogat
Page 47 and 48: Legislative Accommodation One of
Page 49 and 50: judges to resolve competing claims
Page 51 and 52: other vastly disparate contextual r
Page 53 and 54: than undermine, the rule of law in
Page 55 and 56: Carl  Schmitt:  Sovereign  Di
Page 57 and 58:
Schmitt thought that, “…liberal
Page 59 and 60:
The centrepiece of Schmitt’s mode
Page 61 and 62:
exception has been declared by the
Page 64 and 65:
CHAPTER III THE NEO‐ROMAN C
Page 66 and 67:
3.1  Comparative  Experience:
Page 68 and 69:
of emergency. It is true that the d
Page 70 and 71:
emergency’. 87 The former remains
Page 72 and 73:
legislation for the peace, order an
Page 74 and 75:
the problem of deLinition plagues t
Page 76 and 77:
to undertake, these jurisdictions m
Page 78 and 79:
whereby each successive extension o
Page 80 and 81:
may override ordinary statutes. As
Page 82 and 83:
natural disasters, and a negative l
Page 84 and 85:
However, the signiLicance of this p
Page 86 and 87:
demonstrate this. 137 Other federat
Page 88 and 89:
two classic constitutional devices
Page 90 and 91:
may be curbed by the judiciary.”
Page 92 and 93:
each department the necessary const
Page 94 and 95:
normative expectations of the accom
Page 96 and 97:
proved able, or indeed willing, to
Page 98 and 99:
executive powers, and indeed tolera
Page 100 and 101:
so clearly and blatantly transgress
Page 102 and 103:
conLlict, but the character of the
Page 104 and 105:
who use them to attack or undermine
Page 106 and 107:
to the thoughts, feelings, and ener
Page 108 and 109:
executive in favour of the latter,
Page 110 and 111:
CHAPTER IV STANDARDS GOVERNING
Page 112 and 113:
The past Live decades - the post Wo
Page 114 and 115:
adaptation in human rights law of t
Page 116 and 117:
interpreting these provisions. Subs
Page 118 and 119:
interpreted this to mean “…a si
Page 120 and 121:
were the result of an initiative by
Page 122 and 123:
All three instruments contain a lis
Page 124 and 125:
that it would “…take a State pa
Page 126 and 127:
‘views’ are dependent on the at
Page 128 and 129:
terms, but also that it provides fo
Page 130 and 131:
incomplete reports. Perhaps unsurpr
Page 132 and 133:
has also issued guidelines regardin
Page 134 and 135:
advocacy role for its own views, wi
Page 136 and 137:
The relevant State Party has an opp
Page 138 and 139:
Nothing turns on the question wheth
Page 140 and 141:
these rights. Derogation involves p
Page 142 and 143:
ights under any circumstances, and
Page 144 and 145:
population, to the territorial inte
Page 146 and 147:
neither the ECHR nor the ACHR syste
Page 148 and 149:
proclaimed a state of emergency. Th
Page 150 and 151:
proportionate, in addition to confo
Page 152 and 153:
elation to  the termination
Page 154 and 155:
ut also the deeply conceptualised b
Page 156 and 157:
Covenant (e.g., articles 6 and 7).
Page 158 and 159:
Statute of the International Crimin
Page 160 and 161:
derogability.  Even  in  time
Page 162 and 163:
national security, and the protecti
Page 164 and 165:
The Human Rights Committee has repe
Page 166 and 167:
equires that States parties provide
Page 168 and 169:
The only occasion in which the Huma
Page 170 and 171:
would entail a breach of the State
Page 172 and 173:
PART II  The Sri Lankan Experie
Page 174 and 175:
CHAPTER V SRI  LANKA’S  CON
Page 176 and 177:
emergency without having to look ov
Page 178 and 179:
A state of emergency is brought int
Page 180 and 181:
Chapter XVIII was predicated on the
Page 182 and 183:
Regulations No. 1 of 2005 286 and E
Page 184 and 185:
that of the person committing the a
Page 186 and 187:
mens  rea  requirement for any
Page 188 and 189:
extraordinary powers to the executi
Page 190 and 191:
of almost every human rights norm 2
Page 192 and 193:
question whether executive law‐ma
Page 194 and 195:
merits as well as the statement of
Page 196 and 197:
struck down a detention order after
Page 198 and 199:
ecognised in Article 15 may be vali
Page 200 and 201:
its underlying policy and motivatio
Page 202 and 203:
Firstly, the problem of the deLinit
Page 204 and 205:
extension requires a special majori
Page 206 and 207:
ebellion, the President is empowere
Page 208 and 209:
CHAPTER VI FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 6
Page 210 and 211:
Permissible restrictions on these r
Page 212 and 213:
6.2.1 Structure and Content V
Page 214 and 215:
eLlection of the high importance ac
Page 216 and 217:
unduly conservative and restrictive
Page 218 and 219:
Lilanthi  de Silva  v.  The
Page 220 and 221:
provided for by the ICCPR Article 4
Page 222 and 223:
suppressing opposition aimed at suc
Page 224 and 225:
considerably diverge from, and in s
Page 226 and 227:
The court’s reasoning with regard
Page 228 and 229:
embrace judicial activism, in not o
Page 230 and 231:
With regard to the Linding of uncon
Page 232 and 233:
own judgment in Singarasa reLlect
Page 234 and 235:
legal assistance, interpreter and s
Page 236 and 237:
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION “…unsee
Page 238 and 239:
certain commitments, and then actin
Page 240 and 241:
TABLE OF CASES A  Publication
Page 242 and 243:
Nagamani  Theivendran  v.  Th
Page 244 and 245:
PROCLAMATIONS  AND EMERGENCY 
Page 246 and 247:
Yala National Park Regulation 7 of
Page 248 and 249:
Establishment of a new Department o
Page 250 and 251:
BIBLIOGRAPHY A Bruce Ackerman (2004
Page 252 and 253:
J.A.L. Cooray (1995) Constitutional
Page 254 and 255:
European Commission for Democracy t
Page 256 and 257:
Oren Gross and Fionnuala Ní Aolái
Page 258 and 259:
K Robert N. Kearney (1971) Trade 
Page 260 and 261:
Herbert Marx (1970) ‘The  Emerg
Page 262 and 263:
Eugene V. Rostow (1945) ‘The Ja
Page 264 and 265:
UN Special Rapporteur on the Indepe
show all

States of Emergency - Centre for Policy Alternatives

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?