SOP Manual - Cleveland Fire Department

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Cleveland Fire Department Operations Manual Means of Ventilation Forced, mechanical or positive pressure ventilation is usually accomplished through the use of smoke ejectors (fan), fog streams, or blowers. 1. Smoke Ejectors a. Fan Placement Fans are most effective when placed where they tend to increase natural air flow. They should, therefore, be positioned in windows, doorways, roof openings, basement openings, or openings that have been made to ventilate the building. When a fan is positioned in a window or doorway, all shades, drapes, blinds, curtains and screens should be removed to eliminate restriction of airflow. If possible, the open area around a fan should be closed with salvage covers or whatever materials are available; this increases the fan’s efficiency by directing air to and through the opening and by preventing smoke from reentering. Firefighters must be careful when positioning fans not to exhaust smoke into congested areas. Fans must be placed so no smoke is blown into the open windows of nearby buildings or into the intakes of heating and cooling systems. b. Fans in Tandem 2. Fog Streams Fans can be especially effective when used in pairs. When two (2) fans are being used to exhaust smoke, one should be placed near an outside opening so it blows smoke out of the building; the other should be positioned inside the room so it blows smoke toward the first fan. Two fans can also be positioned to exhaust smoke and draw in fresh air at the same time. The exhaust fan should be mounted high in a ventilation opening where smoke and gases have collected. The intake fan should be lower, at floor level if necessary, so that working firefighters will benefit from the fresh air. Fog streams can be used to start ventilating immediately after the fire has been knocked down in a room. For this, the stream must be directed out of a window in such a way that it draws out the remaining smoke and gases. The stream should be positioned so the fog pattern covers most of the window opening. This usually means that the nozzle should be held a few feet inside the window. Fog stream venting should be a short term operation. If the operation is obviously ineffective in a particular situation, other venting techniques should be used. Effective: June 1, 1997 Revised: 5/14/2009 Page | 205 Approved by: Chief Chuck Atchley
Cleveland Fire Department Operations Manual 3. Positive Pressure Blowers can be used to ventilate a building through positive pressure, unlike fans which operate on negative pressure. This type of ventilation is most desirable due to its effectiveness and ease of set up. One firefighter can be used to put this method into operation. On any structural fire the blower should be placed in the location where the Engine Company is advancing hand lines. The blower will project a cone of air. This invisible cone should completely cover the opening, usually the main door. On a standard residential door the blower will be placed 10' to 15' from the doorway. This distance will be adjusted to the size of the opening. To check the coverage, use a bare hand and follow the outline of the doorjamb. If the air current can be felt all the way around the door, the opening is sealed. Also, if smoke does not leak around the cone, the opening is sealed. If the opening is too large, multiple blowers or assistance from a fan will be required, or a salvage cover may be used to minimize the size of the opening. On large buildings place the blower closer to the opening in order to maximize air movement, and use a fan to seal the opening. The fan will be placed behind the blower. When the blower is in operation, the building cannot be “opened up” as in natural ventilation. This method requires one air entrance (point of blower) and one exit point. The exit point opening must be smaller than the blower opening. For most efficient operation, a building will be sectored and smoke, heat, and gases will be removed room by room or area by area. Example: -- Open a bedroom window and door to clear that room. When clear, close the window and door and open the adjoining room in the same fashion. Continue the process. Any room or areas not being cleared shall be closed in order to achieve maximum ventilation or pressure. NOTE: This procedure is not in detail. Perfection of this method is achieved through training, education, experience, and trial and error. Effective: June 1, 1997 Revised: 5/14/2009 Page | 206 Approved by: Chief Chuck Atchley
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Document Revision History 1. 3/24/1
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SOP Manual - Cleveland Fire Department

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