Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/ha) and N, Pand K contents (kg/ha) in biomass of green manures grown at - Makoholi in 1989/90 Dry biomass N f' K (t/ha) Dolichos 1.9 46.7 6.1 39.2 Cowpea 1.7 41.9 5.2 34.9 Sunflower 3.3 41.2 8.2 94.1 Sunnhemp 1.5 40.7 5.1 25.5 Soyabean 1.3 26.7 4.7 18.4 Table 4. Average %Nitrogen and %Phosphorus in velvet bean, sunnhemp and cowpea above·ground biomass and root!; at time of incorporating in April 1996 . Velvet bean Sunnhemp Cowpea Above ground Roots Above ground Roots Above ground Roots biomass biomass biomass Nitrogen 1.9 1.38 3.00 0.84 2.16 1.52 Phosphorus 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.04 0.18 0.14 MUla et al 2000 maize grain yields in recent years were less than 500 kg/ha. Soil pH ranged from 4.1 to 4.8 and there was no correction for pH. Velvet bean, surmhemp and fish bean were planted with 100 kg/ha P20S or without phosphorus. Biomass production by the three legumes is shown in Table 6 and the grain yield of the maize test crop after green manuring forChihota and Zvimba (where a maize crop was harvested) are in Table 7. Velvet bean performed the best, with six fields gen erating an above-ground biomass of over 4 t/ha when phosphorus was applied whilst four plots wi~h no phosphorus also produced a biomass above 4 t/ha. Surmhemp performance on the degraded soil was very variable. Dieback of the plants after crop emergence was common at most sites. Velvet .bean gave reasonable biomass on extremely nutrient depleted and somewhat acidic soils and has the potential to rehabilitate degraded fields when coupled with lime and phosphorus. Low pH and P levels in the soil inhibit legume growth; hence P and lime should be added. There is still a need to screen more potential green manures, to expand the legume base. Green manuring extension work in Chihota In the 1999/2000 season, four technologies were se lected to help smallholder farmers in Chihota com munal area to sustainability improve the crop pro ductivity of their farms through improverl soil fer tility management practices. This pilot project was led by the extension sen-ice in Marondera District. Green manuring was one of the technologies se 1able 5. Total nitrogen and phosphorus (kg ha· 1) in ab.ove· ground biomass during the 1995/96 season Site Velvet bean Sunnhemp Cowpea N PzOs N PZOI N PZOI Chiwundura 207 14 68 3 23 2 Chihota 87 6 74 3 22 2 Mlezu 62 4 287 12 102 8 MUla et al 2000 Table 6. Dry biomass production (kg/ha) by three green manure legumes, on exhausted sandy soils in nor\hern Zimbabwe, 1996/97 season Communal Area Velvet bean Sunnhemp Fish bean + P . P + P . P + P . P Gokwe South (1) 2368 1916 1688 858 0 0 Gokwe South (2) 1826 1964 809 1000 0 0 Nyazura (1) 8020 7240 0 0 0 0 Nyazura (2) 6490 6610 0 0 0 0 Chiduku (1) 1257 1865 grazed grazed 70 34 Chiduku (2) 4538 2703 116 13 64 66 Mangwende (1 ) 318 317 311 290 145 145 Mangwende (2) 5351 5250 5000 5040 3127 3125 Zvimha (1) 2410 1260 0 0 0 0 Zvimba (2) 85U 1620 0 0 0 0 Chihota (1) 10665 5290 8460 2315 0 0 Chihota (2) 4275 3405 505 550 0 0 AIter Hikwa et al 1998 lected and 411 farmers participated, in farmer groups, in demonstrations of green manuring on their farms. Generally, it was found that green manuring was a new technology to most of the farmers. Few had tried it or seen it. Forty percent of the experimenting farmers tried green manuring on their own fields whilst 83 farmers outside the groups also used it (Mwenye and Kuwaza, 2001). There is still a great need to expose far more farmers to green manuring through working with other extension districts in Zimbabwe. Current Work and the Future Green manuring work in Zimbabwe is still going on, with the Agronomy Research Institute looking at the possibilities of · combining mulching using green manure legumes and minimum tillage. The University of Zimbabwe and the Agronomy Institute are also experimenting with different green manures to control Striga. Agronomy Institute, Crop Breeding Institute and ICRAF are researching the possibilities of intercropping Sesbania sesban with velvet bean and bushy and trailing cowpea. Researchers on livestock feeds at Research stations and the University of Zimbabwe are also looking at the suitability of velvet bean for use in stock feeds. The 108 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
Table 7. Maize grain yield (kg ha 1 )in 1997/98 following sunnhemp and velvet bean green manures grown during 1996/97 in Chihota and Zvimba Communal Areas, Zimbabwe Treatment Chihota· Chihota· Chigora Chimhembeza Maize + OP + 60N 180 157 Maize + OP + ON 357 308 Maize + lOOP + 60N 1665 223 Maize + lOOP + ON 325 165 Velvet bean (incorporated) + lOOP + 45N 2863 556 Velvet bean (incorporated) + lOOP + ON 4240 308 Velvet bean (biomass removed) + lOOP + 45N 3982 1688 Velvet bean (biomass removed) + lOOP + ON 2532 587 Velvet bean (incorporated) + OP + 45N 1745 1266 Velvet bean (incorporated) + OP + ON 2407 710 Velvet bean (biomass removed) + OP + 45N 143 1010 Velvet bean (biomass removed) + OP + ON 731 664 Sunnhemp (incorporated) + lOOP + 45N 4726 1387 Sunnhemp (incorporated) + lOOP + ON 3628 410 Sunnhemp (biomass removed) + lOOP + 45N 4715 3104 Sunnhemp (biomass removed) + lOOP + ON 5984 1989 Sunnhemp (incorporated) + OP + 45N 2661 516 Sunnhemp (incorporated) + OP + ON 2082 1120 Sunnhemp (biomass removed) + OP + 45N 144 951 Sunnhemp (biomass removed) + OP + ON 890 1063 Adapted from Murata et al. 2000 Soil Conservation and Tillage Network based at the University of Zimbabwe is also working with some of the green manuring legumes in soil conservation and proposing their us~ as cover crops. Arnold, H.C. 1927. Maize following green ·manure crops sown under Zvimba· Mean maize the previous season. Rhodesia Chimedza Agricultural Journal 24:533-534. 175 171 699 455 Arnold, H.C. 1927. Green manuring with immature versus mature crops. 123 670 Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 24:527 272 254 529. 1395 1605 1794 2114 Arnold, H.C. 1928. Green manuring 273 1981 with iIl1mature versus mature crops, 207 1109 Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 25:309 1639 1550 311. 1084 1355 1030 1400 836 808 Arnold, H.C. 1928. Maize following green manure .crops sown under maize the previous season. Rhodesia 1503 2539 Agricultural Journal 25:313-314. 1285 1774 564 2794 Arnold, H.C. 1929. Maize following 182 2718 green manure crops sown under 1021 1399 maize the previous season. Rhodesia 1214 1472 1210 768 Agricultural Journal 26:360-368. Arnold, H.C. 1929. Green manuring 1047 1000 with immature versus mature crops, Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 26:362 363. Arnold, H.C. 1931. The relative value of certain green manure crops. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 28:541-544. Seed availability is one of the major limiting factors to green manuring, hence there is a need to establish a sustainable source of green manure legume seed near the farming communities. In Chihota, a school has been asked to bulk velvet bean seed for local farmers. Bibliography Agronomy Institute 1993. Effect of green manure crops on the performance of a second season maize test crop. Agronomy Institute Allnual Report for 1989/90, Departm~nt of Research and Specialist Services, Harare, Zimbabwe. pp. 160 164. Arnold, H.C. 1925 -26. Annual Report of Salisbury Experiment Station. Arnold, H.C. 1926 -27. Annual Report of Salisbury .Experiment Station. Arnold, H.c. 1926. Green manuring with immature versus mature crops. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 23:317-318. Arnold, H.C. 1931. Fertilizer and green manuring trials. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 28:544-548. Arnold, H.C. 1933. Fertilizer and green manuring trials. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 28:483-484. Arnold, H.C. 1934: Effects of burning mature sunnhemp or ploughing ·under were compared. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 31 :648-650. Arnold, H.C. 1935. Effects of burning mature sunnhemp or ploughing under were compared. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 32:616-618. Arnold, H.C. 1937. Effects of burning mature sunnhemp or ploughing under were compared. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 34:557-560. Arnold, H.C. 1938. Effects of burning mature sunnhemp or ploughing under were compared. RhO., desia Agricultural Journal 35:737-739. Backshaw, G.N. 1921. Green manuring and soil management. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 18:455-460, 645-647. Bary, F. 1995. Socio economic !Study 0f agriculture Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 109
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Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
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Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
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INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
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Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
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- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
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Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
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Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
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LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
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to the system in such a way that th
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Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
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ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
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people/km2), land holdings are smal
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ments. It would help researchers to
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Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
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Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43:
Historical Perspective on Soyabean
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ganic amendment for resource-poor f
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MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
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deal of research work has been bias
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1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
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Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
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Materials and Methods The trial was
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0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
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Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
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Materials and Methods Persistence o
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content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67: (Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69: Table 2. Average maize yield estima
Page 70 and 71: implied that most fanners prefer to
Page 73 and 74: ] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
Page 75 and 76: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78: Materials and Methods The study use
Page 79 and 80: a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 83 and 84: Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88: RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90: management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92: Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 93: Table 6. Risk diversification indic
Page 96 and 97: een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99: unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102: Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104: GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106: 7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109: Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113: amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139: Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141: 18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146: .. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147: Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151: times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153: ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155: to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157: with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159: and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161: forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163: gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165: The first steps to improve soil fer
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Questions and Answers .Identificat
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MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
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Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
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~e decomposition of legume residues
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Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
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available nutrients and vice versa,
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Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
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Specific objectives were to: • Te
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'"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
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EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
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it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
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PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
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Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
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Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
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3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
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above-ground biomass was not transl
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3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
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Most interventions involving green
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~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
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stover N, followed by after pigeon
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tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
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1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
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The significant soybean yield could
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twice the yield is necessary. We ha
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Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
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Recommendations and Conclusion In v
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performance of private sector compa
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the investment costs incurred. The
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Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
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A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
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Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236:
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240:
Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
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ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
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Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
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To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
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few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253:
• Conduct more research to measur
Page 254:
Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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