Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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Materials and Methods On farm experiments were carried .out on soils with different characteristics to cover soils of different texture, C content, P content, pH and CEC in Zambia and Zimbabwe. The legumes were planted in a randomized block design, together with fertilized and unfertilized maize as treatments. Zambia Four legumes, Mucuna, Crotalaria juncea, Glycine max and Vigna unguiculata, were planted on six farms in Zambia in Choma, Magoye, Kabwe, Muswishi, Kasarna and Mungwi. Choma and Magoye are in medium rainfall areas with annual rainfall of 600-800 mm, while Kabwe and Muswishi were in high rainfall areas (800-1000 mm annual rainfall), and Kasarna and Mungwi receive 1000-1200 mm rainfall annually. Kabwe and Misamfu were on sandy loamy soils, while Mungwi was on a loamy sand and Muswishi on a sandy clay loam (Table 1). All the sites had ~ow .contents of available P oH~~ than 7 ).lg P g-I SOlI WIth the exception of Kabwe which had .40 ).lg P g-I soil available P. CEC was less than 10 cmol+kg-I except for Muswishi, which was on.a sandy clay loam and had a CEC of 39 cmol+kg-I (Table 1). ZImbabwe The experiment was carried out at 24 sites in two districts, Murewa and Shurugwi. Murewa was a high rainfall area, receiving up to 1000 mm rainf~ll Table 1. Initial soil characterization of Zambian sites Site pH (KCI) %sand %clay %silt Textural class Kabwe 6.3 77 9 14 Sandy loam Misamfu 4.2 70 15 15 Sandy loam Muswishi 5.5 58 22 21 Sandy clay loam Mungwi 5.1 82.1 9.8 8.1 loamy sand apnually while Shurugwi was in a low rainfall area receiving around 650 mm annual rainfall. Six legumes were planted; Mucuna, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria grahamiana, Glycine max, Cajanus cajan and Vigna unguiculata. The sites in Murewa covered red and black clays, loamy sands and sands (Table 2). The coarse textured soils had low C contents with most of the sites on coarse textures having less than 0.8% C, while sites on heavier soils had C cQntents of up to 3% C (Table 2). All the sites in Murewa had low contents of available P and low. CEC with most of the sites having less than 3 ).lg P g-I available P and less than 6 cmol+kg-I CEC. All the sites in Shurugwi were on coarse textured soils, all with It;sS than 7% clay content (Table 3). pH at the sites in Murewa averaged around 5.5 (Table 2) and were lower than those in Shurugwi which had a mean of 7 (Table 3). The sites in Shurugwi were of low soil fertility status than those in Murewa and Zambia. Most of the sites in Shurugwi had less than 0.6% C, 3 ).lg P g-I available P and less than 3 cmol+kg-1 CEC (Table 3). Results and Discussion _Biomass yield of different legumes in Zambia and Zimbabwe At all the sites, green manure legumes had larger biomass yields compared with the grain legumes, %C %N iJg g"P Mgme% Ca me% Na me% Kme% CEC 1.48 0.11 40 2.3 5 0.9 10.1 0.86 0.06 7 0.8 0.08 0.36 5.8 1.44 6.2 2.3 4.15 0.05 0.48 39.1 0.7 0.03 5 0.7 2.1 0 0.1 5.8 Table 2. Initial soil characteristics of sites in Murewa, Zimbabwe Farmer pH (H2O) %sand %silt %clay Textural class Nzvere 5.3 86 6 7 loamy sand A.Oarare 5.4 32 15 52 Clay Kwari 5.6 30 20 49 Clay loam Mutsago 5.4 46 14 37 Sandy clay Chokurongerwa 5.3 82 6 11 loamy sand Matambanadzo 5.4 82 6 11 Sand Mandebvu 5.3 82 6 11 Sand Kaitano 5.2 84 6 9 loamy sand Musegedi 5.4 86 6 7 loamy sand Mugwagwa 5.3 86 6 7 loamy sand Takarova 5.5 84 6 9 loamy sand Ndoro 5.6 42 16 41 Clay B.Oarare 5.5 32 18 49 Clay Gwara 5.5 46 20 33 Sandy clay loam %C %N iJg g'P Mg me% Ga me% Na me% Kme% CEC 0.44 0.08 2.12 0 0.1 0.03 ·0 0.13 1.98 0.17 2.27 0.89 1.35 0.05 0.04 2.33 2.28 0.21 2.07 0.87 1.53 0.03 0.05 2.48 1.26 0.11 2.02 0.87 1.35 0.05 0.05 2.32 0.46 0.08 2.02 0.01 0.09 0.03 . 0 0.13 0.77 0.11 2.96 0.11 0.37 0.08 0.03 0.59 0.7 0.1 3.11 0.07 0.26 0.02 0.02 0.37 0.45 0.07 2.57 0 0.05 0.02 0 0.07 0.39 0.08 2.22 0.01 0.06 0.03 0 0.1 0.64 0.14 1.63 0 0.06 0.02 0 0.08 0.49 0.07 2.81 0.04 0.22 0.04 0 0.3 3.06 0.27 1.63 2.45 2.92 0.04 0.03 5.44 2.96 0.26 3.56 2.78 3.61 0.05 0.04 6.48 2.81 0.38 1.78 1.59 2.29 0.06 0.02 3.96 130 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
Table 3. Initial soil characteristics of sites in Shurugwi. Zimbabwe Farmer pH (H2O) %sand %silt %clay Textural class Gweru 6.87 83 11 6 Loamy sand Munyika 6.86 85 9 6 Loamy sand Marime 7.13 87 7 6 Sand Manatsa 6.82 85 11 4 Loamy sand Masendeke 7.33 87 9 4 Sand Chimviri 7.38 95 3 2 Sand Majoni 7.15 87 11 2 Sand Makovere 6.67 90 8 2 Sand Mugwagwa 7.45 89 7 4 Sand Ngwalati 7.38 85 11 4 Loamy sand Gwatsvaira 6.78 91 7 2 Sand %C %N j.Jg g.lp Mgme% Ca me% Na me% K me% CEC 0.28 0.03 0.9 0.1 0.61 0.08 0 0.79 0.59 0.04 2.76 0.14 0.95 a.09 0 1.18 0.4 . 0.02 1.01 0.14 0.93 0.09 0.03 1.19 0.49 0.03 3.27 0.13 1.21 0.07 0.03 1.44 0.35 0.02 1.07 0.07 0.52 0.07 . 0.01 0.67 0.37 0.04 1.18 0.02 0.49 0.07 0 0.58 0.32 0.03 0.51 0.06 0.71 0.07 0 0.84 0.46 0.01 2.93 0.02 0.42 0.07 0.04 0.55 0.24 0.01 2.54 0.07 1.11 0.09 0 1.27 0.23 0.01 0.56 0.15 2.47 0.08 0 2.7 0.18 0.02 0.73 0.04 0.41 0.07 0.02 0.54 with Crotalaria juncea and Crotalaria ochraleuca giving the highest biomass yields in Zim!:>abwe and Zambia (Table 4). Mucuna had yields around ·2000 kg ha·J in Zimbabwe while it yielded more than 7000 kg ha·J in Zambia (Table 4). The mean yields for Crotalaria juncea were 2300 kg ha·J in Zimbabwe and 10000 kg ha·J for Crotalaria ochraleuca in Zambia (Table 4). In western Kenya, Ojiem et al (1998) observed higher dry matter accumulations of up to 9 t ha- J for the green manure legumes (C ochraleuca, C grahamiana, C incana and Mucuna) while soyabean accumulated dry matter of about 2 t ha· 1• 1,\ Zambia, soyabean accumulated biomass yields close to 2000 kg ha-] while less than 400 kg ha·J biomass yields were obtained in Zimbabwe. Cowpea had up to 800 kg ha·J biomass yields in Zimbabwe while in Zambia it was as low as 150 kg ha·1. Schulz et al (2001) reported that biomass yield and N contribution potential of the different legumes varies and may be ranked in terms of soil fertility improvement in the following order: green manure crops> forage crops> low harvest index grain legumes> high harvest index grain legumes. Higher biomass yields were observed in Zambia than in Zimbabwe, probably because the sites that were sampled in Zambia were not under moisture stress while the Zimbabwe sites were affected by drought. Table 4. Biomass yield of legumes obtained in the 2001/02 season from different agro·ecological zones in Zambia and Zimbabwe (Murewa and Shurugwi) Treatment Biomass yield (kg ha· 1 ) Zambia Zambia Zimbabwe Shurugwi (800·1000 (1000·1200 (800·1000 « 650 mm mm rainfall) mm rainfall) mm rainfall) rainfall) Cowpea 146 835 651 Crotalaria gnihamiana 1715 2056 Crotalaria juncea 2312 2316 Crotalaria ochralueca 12841 10000 Mucuna 4981 10250 2331 1562 Soyabean 2482 1062 391 LSO (0.05) 1083.6 974.3 276.2 457.5 There were no differences in biomass ootained in Murewa and Shurugwi; probably because both areas were affected by drought (with annual rainfall of 542 mm and 595 mm respectively), reducing the potentials for legume growth (Table 4). Effect of soil characteristi
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Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
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Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
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INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
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Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
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- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
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Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
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Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
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LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
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to the system in such a way that th
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Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
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ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
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people/km2), land holdings are smal
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ments. It would help researchers to
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Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
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Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
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Historical Perspective on Soyabean
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ganic amendment for resource-poor f
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MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
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deal of research work has been bias
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1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
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Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
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Materials and Methods The trial was
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0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
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Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
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Materials and Methods Persistence o
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content resulted in increased rhizo
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(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
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Table 2. Average maize yield estima
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implied that most fanners prefer to
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] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
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ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
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Materials and Methods The study use
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a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
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Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
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Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
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Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88: RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90: management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92: Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 93: Table 6. Risk diversification indic
Page 96 and 97: een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99: unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102: Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104: GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106: 7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109: Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113: amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117: Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 140 and 141: 18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146: .. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147: Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151: times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153: ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155: to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157: with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159: and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161: forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163: gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165: The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168: Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170: MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171: Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175: ~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177: Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179: available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181: Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183: Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
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it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
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PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
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Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
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Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
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3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
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above-ground biomass was not transl
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3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
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Most interventions involving green
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~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
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stover N, followed by after pigeon
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tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
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1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
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The significant soybean yield could
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twice the yield is necessary. We ha
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Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
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Recommendations and Conclusion In v
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performance of private sector compa
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the investment costs incurred. The
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Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
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A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
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Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
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Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
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Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
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ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
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Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
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To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
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few studies characterized the house
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• Conduct more research to measur
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Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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