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Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 1085-1121. Davis, P.E. 1994. Seed inoculation, are we recommending enough? In: Harnessing Biological Nitrogen Fixation in African Agriculture. Challenges and Opportunities. Mpepereki, Sand F. Makonese (eds). University of Zimbabwe Publications. Harare, Zimbabwe. pp. 165-172. De Mallaro, M.s. and Izaguirre, M.L. 1994. Seasoflal dynamics, host range and symbiotic efficiencyof native rhizobial populations in three soil horizons of four contrasting savanna sites. Symbiosis 4:99-105. Dudeja, S.s. and Khurana, A.L. 1989. Persistence of Bmdyrhizobium sp. (Cajanus) in a sandy loam. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21:709-713. FAa. 1991 Expert Consultation on Legume Inoculant Production and Quality Control. 19-21 March 1991. (ed.) J.A. Thompson FAa, Rome. Gardner, F. P., Pearce, R.B. and Mitchell, R.L. 1985. Physiology of Crop Plants. Iowa State University Press, USA. Giller K.E. 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems 2nd Edition, CABI publishing, Wallingford, UK. 423 pp. Jayapaul, P. and Ganesaraja, V. 1990. Studies on response of soybean varieties to Nand P. Indian J. Agron. 35 (3):329-330. Mpepereki, S. and Makonese, F. 1998. Seasonal rhizobial population fluctuations under field conditions in Zimbabwean soils. In: Harnessing Biological Nitrogen Fixation in African agriculture. Challenges and Opportunities. Mpepereki, S and F. Makonese (eds). University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe. pp. 109-115. Mpepereki, S., Makonese, F. and Giller, K.E., 2002. Soyabean N2 fixation and food security for smallholder farmers: A research-extension model for sub-Saharan Africa. h1: Finan, T.M., O'Brian, M.R., Layzell, D.B., Vessey, J.K. and Newton, W. (eds). Nitrogen Fixation Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 13 lh International congress on Nitrogen Fixation. Hamilton, Canada 2-7 July 2001. CABI publishing, Wallingford, UK. pp. 346-351. Nelson, D.W and Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. chemical methods-SSSA Book Series no 5 Soil Science Society of American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 961-1010. O'Hara, G.W. 2001. Nutritional constraints on root nodule bacteria affecting symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41. Sanginga, N., Abaidoo, R., Deshiell, K., Carsky, R.J. and Okogun, A. 1996. Persistence and effectiveness of rhizobia nodulating promiscuous soyabeans in moist savanna zones of Nigeria. Applied Soil Ecology 3:215-224. Singleton, P.W. and Tavares, J. W., 1986. Inoculation response of legumes in relation to the number and effectiveness of indigenous rhizobium populations. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 51:1013-1018. Summer. M.E. and W.P. Miller. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods-SSSA Book Series no 5. Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 1201-1229. Thompson J.G. and W.O. Purves 1981. A guide to the soils of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal, Technical Handbook No.3. Chemistry and Soil Research Institute. Department of Research and Specialist Services. Harare, Zimbabwe. 43 pp. Vincent, J.M. 1970: A Manual for the Practical Study of Root Nodule Bacteria. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, UK. Wadisirisuk, P. and R.W. Weaver. 1985. Importance of bateroid number in nodules and effective nodule mass to dinitrogen fixation by cowpeas. Plant and Soil 87:223-231. Watkin, E.L.J., O'Hara, G.W. and Glenn, A.R. 1997. Calcium and acid stress interact to affect the growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifoli. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29:1427-1432. Zapata F., A.s.K Danso, G. Hardarson and Fried, M. 1987. Time course of nitrogen fixation in field grown soyabeans using 15N methodology. Agronomy Journal 79: 172-176. 52 Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
SURVIVAL AND PERSISTENCE OF INTRODUCED COMIVIERCIAL RHIZOBIAL INOCULANT STRAINS IN SELECTED SMALLHOLDER FIELD ENVIRONMENTS OF ZIMBABWE Abstract REBECCA ZENGENI', SHEUNESU MPEPEREKI' and KEN E. GILLER 2 1 Soil Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P. O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands The persistence of an introduced rhizobial inoculant strain in smallholder field environments of Zimbabwe was determined at two sites with no history of sdyabean production in Goromonzi district. An inoculated soyabean crop was introduced in the first season using Magoye, Solitaire and Viking soyabean varieties. There was a positive response to inoculation in the first season (2000/2001) with inoculated plants having higher nodule numbers, grain yields and total nitrogen contents than the uninoculated plants (p < 0.05). Re-inoculation of previol/sly inoculated plots in the following season (2001/2002) however did not result in an increase in nodulation or yields of soyabean indicating that the rhizobial strain introduced in the first season persisted into the second season. In a separate experiment to determine the persistence of an inoculant strain over many seasons, soils that had been last inoculated in the years 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000 were sampled from three districts and assessed for rhizobia I population sizes in the greenhouse. Rhizobial numbers were correlated with soil properties and the occupying strains identified. Results indicated that rhizobial numbers were positively correlated with soil pH, clay percent and organic carbon, with numbers significantly increasing at pHs above 5.5. Rhizobial numbers decreased with year since last inoculation, with populations as high as 10 3 cells /g of soil being obtained in fields last inoculated in the year 2000 and less thnn 30 cells /g of soil in fields last inoculated in 1996. The rhizobial strain MAR 1491 (USDA 110) was obtained in most fields with a history of rhizobial inoculation. Key words: Rhizobia, persistence, soyabean, inoculation Introduction Soyabean, a crop previously restricted to the.largescale farming sector of Zimbabwe, has been promoted to smallholder farmers through first the Soyabean Promotion Programme from 1986-89 then more recently through the Soyabean Promotion Task Force from 1996 to the present (Rusike et al., 2000). Soyabean production requires the use of rhizobial inoculants to attain optimum nodulation and high yields. Commercial rhizobial inoculants are however not readily available for use by smallholder farmers. This is because marketing channels for rhizobial inoculants to smallholders were not sufficiently developed to match their demand. A solution to the problem of limited inoculant availabilily could be the use of promiscuous soyabean varieties such as 'Magoye' that readily nodulate with indigenous rhizobia and hence do not require rhizobiaI inoculation (Mpepereki et al., 1999). These varieties are however not available on the local market, they produce lower grain yields and their pods readily shatter compared to specific soyabean varieties (Kasasa, 1999). The locally available commercial specific soyabean varieties on the other hand require rhizobial inoculation to obtain high yields. Since the use of rhizobia I inoculants in smallholder field environments is a relatively new technology, little information is availaole on the survival and persistence of an introduced inoculant strain in field soils. Persistence of an inoculant strain would obviate the need for inoculation each time soyabean is cropped thereby allowing for sustained productivity. The objective of this study was therefore to assess survival and persistence of introduced rhizobiaI inoculant strains in field soils. It was hypothesized that inoculant strains survive and persist poorly in smallholder field environments due to unfavourable soil condi.tions of low soil pH, poor clay and low organic matter amounts. Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 53
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
Page 4 and 5:
Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
Page 6 and 7:
Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
Page 9: INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
Page 12 and 13: Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
Page 14 and 15: 100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
Page 16 and 17: - 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
Page 18 and 19: Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
Page 20 and 21: Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
Page 23 and 24: LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
Page 25 and 26: to the system in such a way that th
Page 27: Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
Page 30 and 31: ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
Page 32 and 33: people/km2), land holdings are smal
Page 34 and 35: ments. It would help researchers to
Page 36 and 37: Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
Page 39: Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43: Historical Perspective on Soyabean
Page 44 and 45: ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47: MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
Page 48 and 49: deal of research work has been bias
Page 50 and 51: 1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
Page 52 and 53: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Page 54 and 55: Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
Page 56 and 57: Materials and Methods The trial was
Page 58 and 59: 0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
Page 62 and 63: Materials and Methods Persistence o
Page 64 and 65: content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67: (Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69: Table 2. Average maize yield estima
Page 70 and 71: implied that most fanners prefer to
Page 73 and 74: ] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
Page 75 and 76: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78: Materials and Methods The study use
Page 79 and 80: a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 83 and 84: Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88: RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90: management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92: Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 93: Table 6. Risk diversification indic
Page 96 and 97: een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99: unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102: Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104: GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106: 7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109: Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113:
amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115:
It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117:
Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119:
and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122:
GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124:
Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126:
Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128:
THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130:
Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132:
Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134:
few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135:
Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139:
Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141:
18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144:
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146:
.. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147:
Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151:
times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153:
ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155:
to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157:
with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159:
and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161:
forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163:
gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165:
The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168:
Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170:
MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171:
Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175:
~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177:
Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179:
available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181:
Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183:
Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185:
'"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188:
EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189:
it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194:
PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195:
Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199:
Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201:
3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203:
above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205:
3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207:
Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209:
~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211:
stover N, followed by after pigeon
Page 212 and 213:
tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
Page 214 and 215:
1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
Page 216 and 217:
The significant soybean yield could
Page 218 and 219:
twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221:
Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223:
Recommendations and Conclusion In v
Page 224 and 225:
performance of private sector compa
Page 226 and 227:
the investment costs incurred. The
Page 228 and 229:
Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
Page 231 and 232:
A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
Page 233 and 234:
Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236:
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
Page 237 and 238:
3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240:
Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
Page 241 and 242:
ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
Page 243:
Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
Page 246 and 247:
To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
Page 248 and 249:
• Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251:
few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253:
• Conduct more research to measur
Page 254:
Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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